Deck 4: The Neurobiological Embedding of Child Maltreatment: a Systems Perspective

Question 1

One of the phenotype's most salient aspects is increased rates of ______ and ______ behaviors.

A)aggressive; depressive
B)internalizing; externalizing
C)internalizing; withdrawal
D)externalizing; aggression

Answer 1

B

Question 2

______ refers to the processes by which certain genes are activated (or expressed) and thereby contribute to the production of the proteins necessary to build and sustain a person.

A)Genetic expression
B)Personality
C)Biological expression
D)Biological genetics

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis comprises the ______, ______, and ______.

A)hypothalamus, cortisal glands, and adrenal glands.
B)cortisal receptors, hypothalamus, and pituitary glands
C)hyponervous gland, pituitary glands, and adrenal glands.
D)hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands

Answer 3

D

Question 4

______ whether due to a flattened diurnal slope, elevated basal levels, or hyperreactivity can have adverse effects across a number of systems, inhibiting immune and cognitive function.

A)Low levels of cortisol
B)Diminished levels of cortisol
C)High levels of cortisol
D)Stable levels of cortisol

Question 5

______ of activity in the amygdala were also reported in response to fearful faces for children who had been institutionalized and thus more likely to have experienced neglect.

A)Lower levels
B)Stagnant levels
C)Average levels
D)Higher levels

Question 6

What were the results of the epigenome-wide association studies of the genomes or genotypes of maltreated youth compared with genomes of children who were not maltreated?

A)There were differences in methylation, most of which were introns that are crucial to the regulation of genetic expression.
B)There were no differences in methylations.
C)The differences in methylations were observed in around 500 genes that impact portions of the DNA.
D)The observed differences in 2868 genes that were portions of DNA that directly code for proteins.

Question 7

One measure that more effectively isolates the activity of the PNS is ______.

A)respiratory irregularity (RI)
B)respiratory sinus changes (RSC)
C)respiratory capacity irregularity (RCI)
D)respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)

Question 8

______ are certain areas of the brain, including the fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus, that monitor for environmental threats.

A)Intuition detectors
B)Threat detectors
C)Feature detectors
D)Environmental detectors

Question 9

In the broadest sense, it is the ______ that aggregates and processes our sensory experiences of the environment and thereby shapes and modulates the activity of "lower level" systems such as the ANS and HPA axis to fit that environment.

A)nervous system
B)brain
C)genotype
D)phenotype

Question 10

A number of studies have examined whether aggressive and withdrawn behaviors can be linked to maltreatment's effects at the level of the endophenotype, with different investigators focusing on the autonomic nervous system, HPA axis, and brain.The common question in these studies is ______?

A)whether or not the endophenotype is the best focus
B)whether the effects of maltreatment on the phenotype are mediated, or carried by, its effects on the endophenotype
C)whether the effects of maltreatment on the HPA axis are mediated, or carried by, its effects on the endophenotype.
D)whether or not the effects of maltreatment on the phenotype are caused by the effects on the HPA axis

Question 11

The autonomic (ANS) is divided into two branches ______ and ______.

A)parasympathetic nervous system; autoimmune nervous system
B)parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system
C)autoimmune nervous system; sympathetic nervous system
D)biological nervous system; genetic nervous system

Question 12

______ is an aspect of the environment that leads to "strong, frequent, or prolonged activation of the body's stress management system."

A)An environmental agent
B)A neurostressor
C)A toxic stressor
D)A frequent stress agent

Question 13

What are the two ways brain activity can be monitored?

A)functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related potentials
B)functional event potentials and magnetic resonance imaging
C)brain ultrasound and event-related potentials
D)brain wave monitors and event-related potentials

Question 14

While internalizing and externalizing may be protective in the short term, over the long term these could be ______?

A)imposing harm
B)even more effective
C)less protective
D)negated

Question 15

The mixed findings regarding maltreatment and the function of the ANS can be explained using the principle of ______.

A)allostasis
B)homeostasis
C)SNS reactivity
D)PNS reactivity

Question 16

Please discuss three different areas the authors point to as directions for future research.

Question 17

______ refers to the continuous and largely involuntary process of monitoring the environment for threats.

A)Neurotoxins
B)Nervous reactions
C)Neuroawareness
D)Neuroception

Question 18

Please explain the two different ways that brain activity can be monitored as discussed in the chapter.

Question 19

In Gottlieb's formulation of biodirectional influence, he indicated that ______ occupies the space between the genotype and phenotype.

A)brain waves
B)brain synapses
C)neural activity
D)neural responses

Question 20

The association between maltreatment and hyporeactivity in response to stress ______.

A)means that maltreatment likely caused the response
B)means that maltreatment did caused the response
C)does not mean that maltreatment caused the response
D)means that maltreatment needs to be investigated further

Question 21

Please name and explain the two types of studies that have linked maltreatment to methylation and discuss the findings.

Question 22

Please summarize the conclusions of the chapter regarding maltreatment and the brain.