Deck 18: The Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water

Question 1

Hagfishes belong to the class

A) Cephalaspidomorphi.
B) Dipneusti.
C) Holocephali.
D) Myxini.
E) Elasmobranchii.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Flow of water over fish gills maintains a concentration gradient (of gases) between the blood and the water over the length of the capillary bed; this is referred to as a __________ mechanism.

A) osmotic
B) passive
C) countercurrent exchange
D) active
E) currency exchange

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Fishes that migrate between freshwater and marine environments are said to be

A) stenohaline.
B) diadromous.
C) isosmotic.
D) euryhaline.
E) semimarine.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The appearance of __________ is considered to be one of the major developments in vertebrate evolution.

A) muscles
B) an exoskeleton
C) hair
D) gills
E) jaws

Question 5

In lungfishes and Indian climbing perch, __________ function as lungs.

A) alveoli
B) book gills
C) opercular cavities
D) pneumatic sacs
E) pneumatic ducts

Question 6

The vast majority of fish are

A) viviparous.
B) ovoviviparous.
C) oviparous.
D) brooders.
E) monoecious.

Question 7

Sharks arose from early jawed fishes midway through the __________ period.

A) Devonian
B) Mississippian
C) Permian
D) Triassic
E) Cambrian

Question 8

Fishes mostly regulate buoyancy by precisely regulating the volume of gas in the

A) stomach.
B) gills.
C) body tissues.
D) pyloric cecum.
E) swim bladder.

Question 9

Which animals are not in the infraphylum Vertebrata?

A) hagfishes
B) lampreys
C) sharks
D) rays
E) trout

Question 10

In their feeding habits, the largest sharks are

A) herbivores.
B) filter feeders.
C) carnivores.
D) predators.
E) parasites.

Question 11

Some elasmobranchs, including hammerhead sharks, and guppies are

A) oviparous.
B) ovoviviparous.
C) omniviparous.
D) viviparous.
E) aviviparous.

Question 12

Fishes WOULD NOT regulate their buoyancy by which of the following ways?

A) regulation of gasses in the swim bladder
B) retention of oils in the liver
C) possession of relatively light bones
D) possession of relatively dense bones
E) structure and orientation of the fins

Question 13

Unlike other chondrichthyeans, the __________ have a gill cover called the operculum.

A) skates
B) rays
C) ratfish
D) elasmobranchs
E) basking sharks

Question 14

Nitrogenous wastes such as urea, creatine, and creatinine are produced in the __________ of fishes.

A) spleen
B) kidneys
C) pancreas
D) rectal glands
E) liver

Question 15

Which group of fishes does not have a cartilaginous skeleton?

A) sturgeon
B) paddlefish
C) rays
D) teleosts
E) skates

Question 16

Lungfishes belong to the class

A) Elasmobranchii.
B) Holocephali.
C) Myxini.
D) Sarcopterygii.
E) Cephalaspidomorphi.

Question 17

A vascular network called the __________ secretes gases into the swim bladder.

A) rete mirabile
B) glomerulus
C) vascular plexus
D) lamella
E) pneumatic duct

Question 18

The grouping "Osteichthyes" is considered to be

A) monophyletic
B) paraphyletic
C) polyphyletic
D) triphyletic
E) biphyletic

Question 19

What characteristic of water makes it difficult to move through, but also makes support against gravity a minor consideration? How is a fish adapted for moving through water?

Question 20

Which of the following is not a term that could be used to describe a flounder or a snapper?

A) modern bony fish
B) teleost
C) member of the class Actinopterygii
D) member of the infraphylum Hyperotreti
E) ray-finned fish

Question 21

The semicircular canals of the inner ear of bony fish maintain

A) the hearing ability of the lateral line.
B) balance and equilibrium.
C) low frequency hearing.
D) high frequency hearing.
E) orientation to possible prey organisms.

Question 22

According to recent changes in fish classification, the infraphylum Vertebrata includes all of the following, except one. Select the exception.

A) Hagfishes
B) Lampreys
C) Cartilaginous fishes
D) Bony fishes

Question 23

The lobe finned fishes, such as coelacanths are found in the class

A) sarcopterygii.
B) elasmobranchii.
C) holocephali.
D) dipnoi.
E) aganatha.

Question 24

In the epidermis of fish skin, there are sensory pits that may be used for detecting currents; these pits comprise the

A) utriculi.
B) pneumatic pits.
C) lateral line system.
D) sacculi.
E) rete mirabile.

Question 25

One would expect to find an ammocoete larva of a lamprey

A) clinging to a rock in a freshwater stream.
B) partially buried in the substrate of a freshwater stream.
C) attached to, and feeding on, a freshwater fish.
D) attached to, and feeding on, a marine fish.

Question 26

Sharks, skates, and rays are in the class

A) Osteichthyes.
B) Chondrichthyes.
C) Cephalaspidomorphi
D) Myxini.
E) Actinopterygii.

Question 27

Osmoregulation is a major function of kidneys and __________ in fishes.

A) skin
B) rectal glands
C) hepatic cecae
D) gills
E) fins

Question 28

All of the following groups have members with an operculum, except one. Select the exception.

A) Holocephali
B) Elasmobranchii
C) Sarcopterygii
D) Actinopterygii

Question 29

The closest living fish relative of terrestrial vertebrates is probably

A) Squalus.
B) Raja.
C) Latimeria.
D) Neoceratodus.
E) Carcharodon.

Question 30

The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are

A) flame bulbs.
B) nephridia.
C) malpighian tubules.
D) green glands.
E) nephrons.

Question 31

Would swim bladders with functional pneumatic ducts work well for a fish that lives at great depths? Why or why not?

Question 32

One hypothesis says that an extinct group called __________ are believed to have been the ancestors of ancient amphibians.

A) chondrichthyeans
B) lepidostians
C) holosteans
D) chondrosteans
E) osteolepiforms

Question 33

The networks of capillaries that filter blood from the circulatory system into the tubular system of the nephrons of fishes are the

A) glomeruli.
B) rete mirabili.
C) filaments.
D) vascular plexi.
E) nephrostomes.

Question 34

Fins with muscular lobes and lungs used in gas exchange are characteristic of members of the class

A) Chondrichthyes.
B) Myxini.
C) Sarcopterygii.
D) Actinopterygii.

Question 35

Members of the class __________ are sometimes called the ray-finned fishes.

A) Actinopterygii
B) Holosteii
C) Rhipidistii
D) Crossopterygii
E) Myxini

Question 36

The major osmoregulatory problems of saltwater fishes are

A) water gain and salt loss.
B) water loss and salt gain.
C) water gain and salt gain.
D) water loss and salt loss.
E) nonexistent because freshwater fishes are isosmotic to their environment.

Question 37

Which of the following statements regarding pneumatic sacs is FALSE?

A) Pneumatic sacs originated as ventral outgrowths of the esophagus.
B) Pneumatic sacs function as lungs in many sarcopterygians.
C) Pneumatic sacs lie dorsal to the digestive tract in modern fish.
D) The more primitive function of pneumatic sacs is to serve as swim bladders for bouyancy regulation.

Question 38

Primitive bony fishes that retain the notochord as adults are

A) ratfishes.
B) sturgeons.
C) coelacanths.
D) rays.
E) skates.

Question 39

A __________ removes excess sodium chloride from the blood of elasmobranch fish and excretes it into the cloaca.

A) superkidney
B) osmotic gland
C) rectal gland
D) chloride gland
E) diffusion gland

Question 40

Which class contains the lampreys?

A) Sarcopterygii
B) Actinopterygii
C) Petromyzontida
D) Hyperotreti
E) Chondrichthyes

Question 41

The modern bony fishes are the

A) lepisosteans.
B) holocephalans
C) teleosts.
D) holosteans.
E) chondrosteans.

Question 42

Elasmobranchs have solved some of their osmoregulatory problems by

A) producing dilute urine in copious amounts.
B) actively capturing salt through their gills.
C) actively transporting water through their gills.
D) sequestering urea in their body tissues.
E) producing uric acid as their major nitrogenous waste.

Question 43

Vertebrates are thought to have originated at least __________ years ago.

A) 200 million
B) 510 million
C) 1.2 billion
D) 800 thousand
E) 400 thousand

Question 44

Some elasmobranchs and some bony fishes such as the tuna, maintain water flow over the gills by holding the mouth open. This is called __________ ventilation.

A) buccal
B) pneumatic
C) costal
D) active
E) ram

Question 45

A common opening for excretory, digestive, and reproductive products is the

A) rectal gland.
B) rectum.
C) colon.
D) pyloric cecum.
E) cloaca.

Question 46

Adult sea lampreys in the Great Lakes feed primarily on

A) zebra mussels.
B) phytoplankton.
C) large bony fish.
D) tadpoles
E) sharks and rays.

Question 47

Vascular folds in the epithelium of gill filaments are called

A) diverticulae.
B) lamellae.
C) opercula.
D) villi.
E) spiral valves.

Question 48

The major nitrogenous waste of bony fishes is

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) uric acid.
D) guanine.
E) creatine.