Deck 2: Theory and Research

Question 1

"In our research,we are looking at how gender (male or female)affects the amount of money individuals leave for tips at restaurants." In this example,the independent variable isand the dependent variable is.

A) gender; amount of tip
B) amount of tip; gender
C) male; female
D) amount of tip; gender
E) amount of tip; female

Answer 1

A

Question 2

"In our research,we are looking at how gender (male or female)affects the amount of money individuals leave for tips at restaurants." A possible hypothesis based on this research question is

A) men are more likely to be large tippers than women.
B) women are more likely to be large tippers than men.
C) large tippers are more likely to be physically attracted to restaurant workers of the opposite sex.
D) all of these are plausible hypotheses.
E) none of these are plausible hypotheses.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A hypothesis

A) is a causal relationship.
B) is a testable statement about how two or more variables are expected to be related to one another.
C) ensures spuriousness.
D) is non-causal.
E) none of these.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The dependent variable (DV)is defined as

A) a variable that affects or influences another variable.
B) a variable that is being influenced by another variable.
C) a statement about how two or more variables are expected to be related to one another.
D) a variable that comes before and is responsible for the association between the dependent and independent variable.
E) the condition of empirical association.

Question 5

Which of the following is a category of a variable?

A) male
B) Asian
C) sociology
D) divorced
E) all of these are categories of variables

Question 6

A theory

A) has to do with the conceptualization of concepts.
B) is a characteristic that may vary from one subject to another.
C) is an explanation about how and why something is as it is.
D) is a testable statement about how two or more variables are expected to be related to one another.
E) None of these.

Question 7

Extraneous variables

A) provide a complementary reason for variation in the dependent variable.
B) always occur after the independent and dependent variables.
C) produces changes in the independent variable.
D) comes in between the independent and dependent variables.
E) comes before the independent and dependent variables.

Question 8

are words or signs that are used to describe phenomena.

A) Variables
B) Categories
C) Concepts
D) Theories
E) Hypotheses

Question 9

An antecedent variable

A) comes after the independent variable.
B) comes after the independent variable and before the dependent variable.
C) comes before both the independent variable and the dependent variable.
D) comes after the dependent variable.
E) none of these.

Question 10

A/nrelationship exists when an antecedent variable explains the original relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

A) intervening
B) extraneous
C) spurious
D) inductive
E) deductive

Question 11

An example of a concept that may interest sociologists is

A) the states in the United States.
B) the days of the week.
C) social class.
D) self-esteem.
E) both self-esteem and social class.

Question 12

"In our research,we are looking at how gender (male or female)affects the amount of money individuals leave for tips at restaurants." In the previous statement,is the variable,andis/are the categories of the variable.

A) gender; male or female
B) gender amount of money
C) male or female; gender
D) male or female; amount of money
E) none of these

Question 13

The focal research example on role theory by Adler and Clark was an example of

A) causal research
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) empirical association
E) non-spuriousness

Question 14

When we develop ways to classify subjects to represent variables that we are interested in understanding,we are employing

A) measurement.
B) deductive reasoning.
C) inductive reasoning.
D) variable analysis.
E) none of these.

Question 15

Demonstrating non-spuriousnessness means to

A) establish causality.
B) eliminate alternative explanations.
C) give evidence for time order.
D) give evidence for a hypothesis.
E) none of these.

Question 16

____________________ is a statement about two or more ___________________ are expected to relate to each other.

A) A theory; hypotheses
B) A hypothesis ; theories
C) A hypothesis; variables
D) A compatibility test; variables
E) A theory; concepts

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the three conditions that must exist before we can say that an independent variable causes a dependent variable?

A) non-spuriousness
B) time order
C) empirical association
D) temporal precedence
E) all of these must exist for causality

Question 18

Which of the following would be considered a variable:

A) employment status
B) education
C) religion
D) marital status
E) all of these are variables

Question 19

Which of the following was not demonstrated in the focal research examples?

A) the relationship between theory and research
B) social theory is obvious in society
C) social theory can be a hidden aspect of society
D) theory can be described at either the beginning or end of an article
E) social theories allow aspects of social life to be articulated and understood

Question 20

Avariable has an effect on the dependent variable as well as an effect on the independent variable.

A) independent
B) antecedent
C) intervening
D) extraneous
E) time order

Question 21

Deductive reasoning refers to the process of making observations and then creating a theory.

Question 22

The fact that two variables are associated does not necessarily mean that one variable causes another variable.

Question 23

Independent variables influence dependent variables.

Question 24

In order to prove that variables are causally related,that is that no one causes the other,it is necessary to determine that no other variable is in fact the causal agent.

Question 25

Just because two variables are related to each other in some manner does not mean that they are necessarily causally related.

Question 26

Measurement

A) is basically a representation of variable concepts.
B) is an empirical statement.
C) is an empirical generalization.
D) has nothing to do with variables.
E) none of these.

Question 27

If social scientists want to develop or build theories about an aspect of social life that has previously been misunderstood,they might engage in

A) developing grounded theory
B) deductive reasoning
C) testing existing theory
D) inductive reasoning
E) both inductive reasoning and developing grounded theory

Question 28

Empirical association refers to two variables being statistically related.

Question 29

One reason causality is hard to establish is because we want to make sure the cause comes "after",not "before",
the effect.

Question 30

A variable that has an effect on both the independent variable and the dependent variable is called an intervening variable.

Question 31

Which of the following is associated with grounded theory?

A) empirical association
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) conceptualization
E) concepts

Question 32

If we were interested in understanding the impact of listening to rap music on the development of creativity in youngsters,we would measure creativity as the independent variable.

Question 33

A hypothesis is a testable statement about how two or more variables link together.

Question 34

One of the implications of Wallace's cyclical model is

A) the model explains all research.
B) research may not touch on all elements of the model at once.
C) the model is ideal for testing a theory.
D) the model can be altered to fit specific research questions.
E) none of these

Question 35

Resulting summaries that come from a set of observations are referred to as.

A) inductive reasoning
B) qualitative analysis
C) deductive reasoning
D) causality
E) empirical generalizations

Question 36

If we approach a setting with a theory we want to test,we are employing

A) common sense.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) deductive reasoning.
D) personal knowledge.
E) both inductive reasoning and personal knowledge.

Question 37

The steps involved in inductive reasoning involve

A) making observations, generalizing, theorizing.
B) theorizing, generalizing, and testing with observations.
C) making observations, theorizing, and testing these.
D) making observations, measuring, and theorizing.
E) generalizing and theorizing.

Question 38

If we are planning to test a theory about information channels and will be using electronic communications among professionals to understand how information moves through an organization,we are most likely using

A) inductive reasoning.
B) deductive reasoning.
C) empirical generalizations.
D) the cyclical model of science.
E) causality.

Question 39

If we are using the variable of "language" to understand responses to a survey,categories might include French,
Italian,Spanish,and English.

Question 40

If in our research,we have observed that 10 individuals with characteristic X seem to be more committed to ideas about social equality than other individuals without that characteristic,we are making

A) unfounded assumptions.
B) theories.
C) empirical generalizations.
D) deductive conclusions.
E) hypotheses.

Question 41

Explain the requirements of causation.

Question 42

Describe Wallace's cyclical model of science.What are the strengths of this model?

Question 43

Grounded theory refers to a theory developed from the data.

Question 44

The cyclical model of science is meant to represent the relationship between theory testing and theory building.

Question 45

Identify three concepts related to education attainment.How might these concepts be conceptualized?

Question 46

Grounded theory is associated with empirical generalizations.

Question 47

Write a research question.Identify the independent and dependent variables in the research question.

Question 48

What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning in the development of theory?

Question 49

If we move from specific observations to more general abstractions,we are using deductive logic.