Deck 17: Behaviorism

Question 1

Thorndike suggested two basic principles of learning:

A) contiguity and similarity.
B) contingency and reinforcement.
C) exercise and effect.
D) recency and meaning.
E) recency and repetition.

Answer 1

exercise and effect.

Question 2

The philosophy of science underlying reflexology is:

A) phenomenological.
B) metaphysical.
C) experimental.
D) materialistic.
E) analytic.

Answer 2

materialistic.

Question 3

With further research, Sechenov argued that the mental constructs of psychology would:

A) be bolstered and given detailed description.
B) be fully elaborated through empirical definition.
C) be articulated into elements of consciousness.
D) provide better meaning to the study of field dynamics.
E) disappear.

Answer 3

disappear.

Question 4

Watson's psychology was to employ the objective methods of:

A) empiricism.
B) introspection.
C) materialism.
D) phenomenology.
E) deduction.

Question 5

Pavlov was above all else:

A) a physiologist.
B) a prolific writer.
C) a psychologist.
D) an experimentalist.
E) an administrator.

Question 6

Pavlov believed that he quantified and objectified:

A) sensations.
B) consciousness.
C) associations.
D) mental images.
E) neural impulses.

Question 7

A conditioned stimulus is:

A) an external event that naturally elicits a reflex.
B) an external event that is neutral with respect to a reflex before training.
C) a reaction elicited naturally by a stimulus.
D) a reaction elicited after pairings with a stimulus.
E) an association mediated by the cortex.

Question 8

One precursor of Watson's behaviorism may be found in the British philosophical tradition that:

A) dismissed the mind as unnecessary.
B) favored empiricism and associationism.
C) denied the existence of external matter.
D) accepted the elements of consciousness.
E) accepted the inherent structure of the mind.

Question 9

Pavlov won a Nobel Prize for his work on:

A) conditioned reflexes.
B) cortical activity.
C) digestion.
D) neural conduction.
E) psychopathology.

Question 10

The scientific goal of the Russian reflexologists was to:

A) find the physiological correlates of psychological events.
B) seek the mechanisms of mental associations.
C) expand existing physiological knowledge to include issues termed psychological."
D) find a new comprehensive science that relates physiological and psychological issues.
E) provide a sound basis for behavioristic psychology.

Question 11

Individual psychology for Watson was dependent upon:

A) mental passivity.
B) interactions with the environment.
C) the environment only.
D) physiological mediation.
E) higher thought processes.

Question 12

Thorndike's original law of effect stated:

A) symmetrical punishment and reward effects.
B) asymmetrical punishment and reward effects.
C) punishment produces new responses while reward is reinforcing.
D) positive reinforcement is more effective than negative reinforcement.
E) negative reinforcement is better than positive reinforcement.

Question 13

Bekhterev applied reflexology to:

A) abnormal behavior.
B) personality.
C) perception.
D) social relations.
E) mental testing.

Question 14

According to Pavlov, the principle underlying the acquisition of conditioned reflexes was:

A) contiguity.
B) similarity.
C) recency.
D) reinforcement.
E) contingency.

Question 15

Thorndike's problem-solving experiments showed:

A) acquisition of conditioned responses.
B) insightful learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) trial-and-error learning.
E) contiguity.

Question 16

One problem with the law of effect concerns:

A) its symmetry.
B) its asymmetry.
C) the mechanism that recognizes effects.
D) the role of sensory mediation of effects.
E) the role of reinforcement in learning.

Question 17

One precursor of Watson's behaviorism may be found in the French philosophical tradition that:

A) favored mental passivity.
B) accepted Cartesian dualism.
C) denied the existence of external matter.
D) rejected Descartes' unextended substance as unnecessary.
E) accepted the inherent structure of the mind.

Question 18

Functional psychology provided a transition to behaviorism from:

A) structural psychology.
B) act psychology.
C) Gestalt psychology.
D) psychoanalysis.
E) reflexology.

Question 19

An unconditioned response is:

A) an external event that naturally elicits a reflex.
B) an external event that is neutral with respect to a reflex before training.
C) a reaction elicited naturally by a stimulus.
D) a reaction elicited after pairings with a stimulus.
E) an association mediated by the cortex.

Question 20

Watson defined psychology as the study of:

A) the elements of consciousness.
B) the organization of the mind.
C) stimulus-response bonds.
D) mind-environment interactions.
E) purposive behavior.

Question 21

Konorski and Miller described what we today call:

A) Pavlovian conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) instrumental conditioning.
D) extinction.
E) spontaneous recovery.

Question 22

Vygotsky's views on reflexology:

A) agreed with Pavlov's reductionistic materialism.
B) tried to preserve the holistic complexity of human activity.
C) asserted consciousness over reflexology.
D) accepted mind-body dualism.
E) rejected psychology as a valid area of study.

Question 23

Holt, Weiss, Hunter, and Lashley all:

A) supported Watson.
B) refuted Watson.
C) accepted the physiological determinants of behaviorism.
D) moved away from Watson's extreme position.
E) favored the admission to psychology of the data of consciousness.

Question 24

Watsonian behaviorism refuted the traditional study of:

A) empiricism.
B) sensations.
C) consciousness.
D) thought processes.
E) materialism.

Question 25

European psychology after 1930:

A) prospered from governmental support.
B) withered in the political turmoil.
C) was absorbed into Soviet reflexology.
D) was dominated by psychoanalysis.
E) was dominated by behaviorism.

Question 26

Two of Pavlov's most famous students were:

A) Luria and Vygotsky.
B) Beritashvili and Sokolov.
C) Konorski and Asratyan.
D) Veronin and Beritashvili.
E) Konorski and Sherrington.

Question 27

The logical positivists saw the unity of science expressed in the common language of:

A) German.
B) empiricism.
C) positivism.
D) operationalism.
E) materialism.

Question 28

Guthrie viewed reinforcement in terms of:

A) the law of effect.
B) minimal importance.
C) associative shifting.
D) positive reward.
E) an intervening variable.

Question 29

The basic physicalism of materialistic reflexology is reflected in contemporary Russian research on:

A) hypnosis.
B) reinforcement parameters.
C) electrophysiology.
D) cognitive learning.
E) field organization.

Question 30

Hull asserted his notion of habit formation as a means of:

A) reinforcement.
B) cognitive learning.
C) drive inhibition.
D) observation.
E) adaptation.

Question 31

Watson's behaviorism included:

A) consciousness.
B) mental elements.
C) central events.
D) peripheral events.
E) physiological mediation.

Question 32

Pavlov's reflexology was acceptable to Marxist-Leninist ideology because of its:

A) empiricism.
B) dualism
C) idealism.
D) physiology.
E) materialism.

Question 33

After Watson, the initial phase of the behavioristic evolution consisted of:

A) intensive experimental efforts.
B) acceptance of reflexology.
C) rivalry of other systems of dominance.
D) concerted theory-building.
E) readmitting the data of consciousness.

Question 34

Konorski's goal was to integrate within a single perspective the works of:

A) Stumpf and Wertheimer.
B) Wundt and Fechner.
C) Helmholtz and Purkinje.
D) Pavlov and Sechenov.
E) Pavlov and Sherrington.

Question 35

The logical positivism movement supported:

A) the Gestalt movement.
B) an objective psychology.
C) the psychology of nonsensory consciousness.
D) a nonmaterialistic correlate of psychology.
E) the physiological correlate of psychology.

Question 36

Guthrie's single principle of learning was:

A) contiguity.
B) similarity.
C) exercise.
D) contingency.
E) recency.

Question 37

A criticism of Guthrie concerns his:

A) complicated explanations.
B) theory.
C) molar interpretations.
D) predictive equations.
E) lack of systematic empiricism.

Question 38

Konorski's final views on higher nervous activity accommodated:

A) adaptability and variability.
B) sensations and consciousness.
C) reflexes and sensations.
D) mental passivity.
E) field dynamics and unconsciousness.

Question 39

Hull's research strategy may be described as:

A) intuitive.
B) hypothetical-deductive.
C) reductionistic.
D) introspective.
E) molecular.

Question 40

Sokolov summarized the importance of:

A) consciousness.
B) the conditioned reflex.
C) reinforcement.
D) the orienting response.
E) dualism.

Question 41

Tolman viewed acquisition as the accumulation of expectancies of:

A) molar units.
B) sign gestalts.
C) field vectors.
D) unconsciousness.
E) conditioned reflexes.

Question 42

Skinner believed that behavior is:

A) environmentally determined.
B) unpredictable.
C) an intervening variable.
D) physiologically mediated.
E) individually determined.

Question 43

Internal mediational explanations imposed between stimulus and response elements were ermed by Hull as:

A) molecular events.
B) molar units.
C) cortical effects.
D) intervening variables.
E) unconscious elements.

Question 44

Perhaps the major problem with Hull's theory was its:

A) molar structure.
B) reductionism.
C) materialism.
D) habit formation.
E) comprehensiveness.

Question 45

Tolman described behavior as:

A) molar.
B) molecular.
C) consciousness.
D) habit formation.
E) reflexes.

Question 46

Many applications of neo-Hullian and operant research contributed to:

A) cognitive psychology.
B) reinforcement theory.
C) reflexology.
D) physiological psychology.
E) behavior modification.

Question 47

Contemporary behaviorism is largely held together by a consensus on:

A) the definition of behavior.
B) empiricism.
C) the mechanics of behavior.
D) reinforcement.
E) applications.

Question 48

Hull's theory viewed the behaving organism in terms of:

A) a homeostatic model.
B) a reflexive model.
C) a cognitive model.
D) a reactive model.
E) an interactive model.

Question 49

Marx's (1963) description of the elements of theories is biased toward scientific approaches that are:

A) intuitive.
B) phenomenological.
C) empirical.
D) idealistic.
E) analytical.

Question 50

Skinner developed the notion of reinforcement-controlled ongoing behavioral levels of:

A) reflexes.
B) operants.
C) molar units.
D) instrumental responses.
E) conditioned responses.

Question 51

Cognitive psychology has brought the behavioral model back to a consideration of:

A) consciousness.
B) acts.
C) sensations.
D) immediate experience.
E) perceptual illusions.

Question 52

The basic premise of Tolman's psychology is that behavior is:

A) determined.
B) reflexive.
C) purposive.
D) unconsciousness.
E) molecular.

Question 53

Information processing, mathematical models of learning are inherently:

A) poor predictors.
B) elementaristic.
C) holistic.
D) reinforcement based.
E) random.

Question 54

Guthrie, Hull, and Tolman agreed:

A) on the nature of reinforcement.
B) with a common definition of behavior.
C) with the cognitive approach to learning.
D) on the incremental character of acquisition.
E) on the need to expand Watsonian behaviorism.

Question 55

Skinner argued that to be truly human means to have:

A) freedom.
B) inner superiority.
C) control.
D) social interactions.
E) understanding and insight.