Deck 3: Psychological Foundations in Ancient Greece

Question 1

The organizing, determining, and all-encompassing nous or universal mind was proposed by:

A) Democritus.
B) Anaxagoras.
C) Pythagoras.
D) Aristotle.
E) Aeneas.

Answer 1

Anaxagoras.

Question 2

The emphasis on the first cause of life in the physical environment came from which of the following orientations?

A) naturalistic
B) biological
C) mathematical
D) pragmatic
E) humanistic

Answer 2

naturalistic

Question 3

The orientation most opposite to Plato's teachings is the:

A) naturalistic.
B) biological.
C) mathematical.
D) humanistic.
E) pragmatic.

Answer 3

pragmatic.

Question 4

Plato's psychology allowed for all but one of the following:

A) The human soul provides the formation of ideas in the intellect.
B) Bodily functions are base, negative, and unreliable.
C) The mind and body are parallel processes.
D) Reason and appetite, respectively, are rational and irrational functions of the soul.
E) Ideas are reducible directly to sensory input.

Question 5

The orientation that essentially denied the possibility of a first cause of life was:

A) naturalistic.
B) biological.
C) pragmatic.
D) observational.
E) humanistic.

Question 6

The clearest expression of the soul, along with a method of inquiry, is found in the teachings of:

A) Democritus.
B) Hippocrates.
C) Pythagoras.
D) Protagoras.
E) Socrates.

Question 7

Belief in matter as indestructible atoms comes from:

A) Parmenides.
B) Comte.
C) Democritus.
D) Hippocrates.
E) Homer.

Question 8

Which of the following was not characteristic of Plato's teachings on the soul?

A) The first condition of the soul is desire.
B) Ideas are known only through the senses.
C) The soul consists of reason and appetite.
D) The soul exists before the body.
E) The rational knowledge of the soul is changeless.

Question 9

The best known of the Sophists, or wandering scholars, who urged the study of life solely through observable living creatures, and advocated extreme skepticism of nonobservables and generalizations, was:

A) Protagoras.
B) Anaximander.
C) Plato.
D) Pythagoras.
E) Thales.

Question 10

The emphasis on the first cause of life found in the uniqueness of individual experience and the higher mental and emotional processes of human beings came from which of the following orientations?

A) naturalistic
B) biological
C) mathematical.
D) pragmatic
E) humanistic

Question 11

The emphasis on the first cause of life in the inner physiology of the individual comes from which of the following orientations?

A) naturalistic
B) biological
C) mathematical
D) pragmatic
E) humanistic

Question 12

The critical factor of change in nature was recognized as most important by:

A) Plato and Aristotle.
B) Pythagoras and Hippocrates.
C) Alcmaeon and Empedocles.
D) the Ionians.
E) Heraclitus and Parmenides.

Question 13

A primary dependence on sensory knowledge is found in which of the following orientations?

A) biological
B) mathematical
C) pragmatic
D) Aristotelian
E) humanistic

Question 14

The four basic substances underlying living activity of earth, water, air, and fire were emphasized by:

A) Empedocles.
B) Aristotle.
C) Alexander.
D) Democritus.
E) Hippocrates.

Question 15

The emphasis on the first cause of life in unifying principles of relationships that go beyond the physical level came from which of the following orientations?

A) naturalistic
B) biological
C) mathematical
D) pragmatic
E) humanistic

Question 16

The orientation that de-emphasized the importance of physical matter was:

A) naturalistic.
B) biological.
C) mathematical.
D) observational.
E) pragmatic.

Question 17

Observation and hypothetical-deductive approaches were characteristic methods of which of the following orientations?

A) naturalistic
B) biological
C) mathematical
D) pragmatic
E) humanistic

Question 18

Which of the following was not characteristic of Plato's teachings?

A) A realm of perfect is beyond the earthly imperfect level.
B) Mind-body dualism
C) Sensory knowledge is reliable.
D) Mathematics is basic to rational thinking.
E) The physical world is in a constant state of flux.

Question 19

The view of a second, more permanent reality of underlying relationships, essentially mathematical, which is far more stable and less distorted than sensory knowledge, was proposed by:

A) Aristotle.
B) Pythagoras.
C) Alcmaeon.
D) Protagoras.
E) Homer.

Question 20

The four humors of blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm were part of the biological teachings of:

A) Empedocles.
B) Aristotle.
C) Alexander.
D) Democritus.
E) Hippocrates.

Question 21

Causality for Aristotle may be distinguished among several types that include all but one of the following:

A) material.
B) efficient.
C) logical.
D) formal.
E) final.

Question 22

Aristotle accepted from Plato all but one of the following:

A) The negative, base character of bodily processes.
B) Mind-body dualism.
C) Nutritive, sensitive, and rational types of souls.
D) Ideas are the product of the rational mind.
E) Rational knowledge is unchangeable.

Question 23

Aristotle's psychology included all but one of the following:

A) Purposive activity in human experience.
B) Little generalization beyond observables.
C) The soul contains the rational intellectual processes of imagination, reason, and creativity.
D) The will is the soul's motivational principle.
E) The mind is predisposed to organize sensory input by categories.

Question 24

Science for Aristotle involved all but one of the following:

A) Inductive reasoning.
B) Deductive reasoning.
C) Careful generalization based on observation.
D) Logical conclusions.
E) Speculation.

Question 25

Which of the following would not be included in Aristotle's description of the soul?

A) the will
B) reason
C) the intellect
D) the senses
E) the categories