Deck 11: Sex and Gender

Question 1

Which of the following are immediately visible to doctors and nurses when a baby is born?

A) Secondary sexual characteristics
B) Primary sexual characteristics
C) Sex chromosomes
D) Gender

Answer 1

Primary sexual characteristics

Question 2

Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type,and he has the external genitalia of a male.For the better part of his life,however,Maurice has felt like he was supposed to be a woman.He has always identified more with feminine clothes,behaviors,and emotions.According your textbook,Maurice has a male __________.

A) sex
B) sexual disorder
C) gender
D) gender identity

Answer 2

sex

Question 3

The development of the __________ system is caused by the secretion of __________ during the third month of pregnancy.

A) Wolffian; estrogens
B) Müllerian; androgens
C) Wolffian; androgens
D) Müllerian; progesterones

Answer 3

Wolffian; androgens

Question 4

Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type,and he has the external genitalia of a male.For the better part of his life,however,he has felt like he was supposed to be a woman.He has always identified more with feminine clothes,behaviors,and emotions.According to your textbook,Maurice has a female __________.

A) problem
B) gender
C) sex
D) secondary sex characteristic.

Question 5

The __________ system is to boys as the _________ system is to girls.

A) Wolffian; Müllerian
B) Stausberg; Flynn
C) Müllerian; Wolffian
D) Flynn; Stausberg

Question 6

In most cases,what is the relationship between gender and biological sex?

A) In most cases, gender and biological sex are in vast opposition.
B) Gender is only aligned with biological sex in cases of severe psychological disorders.
C) Gender is only aligned with biological sex when a person is homosexual.
D) In most cases, gender is aligned with biological sex.

Question 7

Maurice was born with an XY chromosome type,and he has the external genitalia of a male.For the better part of his life,however,he has felt like he was supposed to be a woman.He has always identified more with feminine clothes,behaviors,and emotions.New surgical and medical techniques will now allow Maurice to take which of the following courses of action?

A) He will have only the option of taking hormone pills or injections, unless he wants to travel to Europe, which is the only continent where gender reassignment surgery is practiced.
B) He will be able to alter his gender to match his body.
C) He will be able to make changes to his external appearance, even though his physical attributes will not change.
D) He will be able to alter his body to match his gender.

Question 8

What is the relationship between the release of androgens and the Müllerian system during prenatal development?

A) When androgens are released, they stimulate the release of an anti-Müllerian hormone that stops development of female sex organs.
B) When androgens are released, they stimulate the Müllerian system so that female sex organs will develop normally.
C) If androgens are released during the Müllerian system, the baby will be "intersexed," and will have the genitalia of both a male and a female.
D) If androgens are released during the Müllerian system, this inhibits the development of the Wolffian system, and thus helps normal male genitals develop.

Question 9

While __________ is a biological phenomenon,__________ is psychological.

A) sex; gender
B) development; growth
C) gender; sex
D) development; maturation

Question 10

When a child is conceived and has an XY chromosome type,that child is genetically a boy.Which of the following statements best reflects where his chromosomes came from?

A) He got his X chromosome from mom and his Y chromosome from dad.
B) He got the Y chromosome from mom, and the X chromosome from dad.
C) He got XX chromosomes from mom, but the XY chromosomes he got from dad were genetically dominant, and that is why he is going to be a boy.
D) It is impossible to know which chromosome came from which parent.

Question 11

The precursors of female sex organs during prenatal development is called the __________ system.

A) Müllerian
B) Wolffian
C) Gilligan
D) Estrogenous

Question 12

A set of behaviors that defines individuals as boys and men or girls and women is called __________.

A) gender stereotypes
B) sex
C) sex characteristics
D) gender

Question 13

A person's biological classification as either male or female based on the sex chromosomes contained in his or her DNA is called their __________.

A) gender
B) sex-role stereotype
C) genitalia
D) sex

Question 14

Johnny is taking a class in human sexuality,and he has been asked to make a list of body parts that would be considered primary sexual characteristics.Which of the following would not appear on that list?

A) Uterus
B) Testicles
C) Ovaries
D) Breasts

Question 15

The __________ are the first sex organs to develop,and they are identical in male and female fetuses for the 1st four weeks of prenatal development.

A) secondary sex characteristics
B) genitals
C) androgens
D) gonads

Question 16

The sexual organs that are present at birth and are directly involved in human reproduction are your __________ sexual characteristics.

A) procreative
B) primary
C) secondary
D) androgynous

Question 17

Which of the following is not a part of the external genitalia in females?

A) The clitoris
B) The labia
C) The cervix
D) The external vagina

Question 18

__________ is a biological phenomenon,while __________ is a socially constructed phenomenon.

A) Sex; sex role
B) Gender role; gender stereotype
C) Gender; sex
D) Sex; gender

Question 19

Margot is pregnant with her first child,and she is deliriously happy! She and her husband have some tests taken,but before the doctor can come in and review the results,Jim sneaks a peak at the file with the test results.He sees that the baby has "two X chromosomes." He looks at his wife and says

A) Congratulations, honey, we're having a boy!
B) Congratulations, honey, it looks like we are having twins!
C) Congratulations, honey, I need to take a biology class!
D) Congratulations, honey, we're having a girl!

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true regarding the development of the sex organs in a baby?

A) The first sex organs appear far earlier in girls than in boys, since the organs do not require extra tissue for their formation.
B) The first sex organs do not develop until the first 12 weeks of pregnancy are over, which is why pregnant parents cannot find out the gender of the baby until this point.
C) The first sex organs appear far earlier in boys than in girls, since the organs are external as opposed to internal.
D) The first sex organs, which are the gonads, are identical in male and female fetuses for the first month or pregnancy.

Question 21

Sex organs and traits that develop at puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction are known as __________ sexual characteristics.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) pubescent
D) tertiary

Question 22

One particularly awkward physical change that can happen to boys with androgen insensitivity syndrome during puberty is __________.

A) the development of breasts during puberty
B) the development of breasts during puberty menstruation
C) the loss of facial hair, including eyebrows and eyelashes
D) shrinking of physical height

Question 23

Which hormone is the primary determinant of whether a baby will develop male or female external genitalia?

A) Progesterone
B) Human chorionic gonadotropin
C) Androgen
D) Testosterone

Question 24

The scrotum and penis of a male baby are collectively referred to as the __________ genitalia.

A) external
B) androgen-induced
C) gonadotropic
D) Wolffian

Question 25

When Sven was born,his doctors and parents initially believed that he was a girl due to the fact that he had an unusually small penis and no evident testicles.In fact,however,Sven's testes had developed internally,which is an indication that he had __________.

A) androgen insensitivity syndrome
B) Turner's Chorea
C) transsexualism
D) XXY syndrome

Question 26

Which of the following effects has been observed in genetic girls who have excess androgens when they are embryos?

A) Greater tendency to act like a "tomboy."
B) Playing in ways more typical of other girls than boys.
C) Being less physically aggressive than other girls.
D) Having conflicting feelings about their gender identification as girls.

Question 27

The researcher who developed a sex role inventory designed to measure the degree to which people are masculine and/or feminine was __________.

A) James Maccoby
B) Sandra Bem
C) Joseph LoPiccolo
D) Charlene Bernhardt

Question 28

Erika and Aaron are thrilled that their baby will be born any minute.As Erika pushes one last time,the baby emerges to cheers and applause from the nurses and doctors present.The only problem,however,is that the baby has female external genitalia despite having an XY chromosome type! Erika and Aaron are shocked to learn that this is caused by __________ insensitivity syndrome,and now will have some very difficult decisions to make for their child.

A) androgen
B) estrogen
C) gonadotropin
D) testes determining factor

Question 29

Which of the following pubescent developmental changes in girls help to prepare their bodies for childbirth?

A) The development of pubic hair and the start of menstruation.
B) The increase in physical height and the enlargement of the uterus.
C) The widening of hips and the growth of breasts.
D) The development of facial hair and the lowering of the voice.

Question 30

Given recent advances in our understanding of the complexities of gender,which of the following courses of action are doctors more willing to consider when dealing with an intersex baby?

A) Doctors are more willing to let parents decide which gender they want their child to be, and then take the medical steps necessary to make those changes occur.
B) Doctors are more willing to use hormones prior to birth to allow intersex babies to develop normal genitalia on their own.
C) Doctors are more willing to use plastic surgery to adjust intersex individuals' genitalia shortly after birth.
D) Doctors are more willing to leave intersex individuals' genitalia intact and unaltered.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true with regard to testosterone?

A) It is a hormone that is produced in the ovaries of women.
B) It is a hormone that is produced in the penis of men.
C) It is a hormone that is a member of the progesterone family.
D) It is the primary androgen that initiates pubertal changes in women.

Question 32

Which of the following can cause a genetic male to develop female external genitalia?

A) Klinefelter's syndrome
B) Androgen insensitivity syndrome
C) Wolffian androgynous syndrome
D) Müllerian atrophication syndrome

Question 33

A person's sense of being a boy or girl,or man or woman,is their gender __________.

A) identity
B) development
C) role
D) stereotype

Question 34

How many genes found on the Y chromosome trigger the testes to produced testosterone?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 35

The term "gender __________" refers to boys and men who show traditionally masculine traits and behaviors,and girls and women who show traditionally feminine traits and behaviors.

A) consistent
B) normed
C) roled
D) typed

Question 36

Those who rate themselves equally on both masculine and feminine traits of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)are referred to as __________.

A) androgynous
B) ambivalent
C) ambiguous
D) asexual

Question 37

Chastity and Shane are fraternal twins,born 17 minutes apart.They go through many of life's trials and tribulations together,but if their developmental schedules hold true to average,Chastity will start going through her pubescent development approximately ___________ her brother.

A) at the same time as
B) 5 years earlier than
C) 3 years later than
D) 2 years earlier than

Question 38

An intersexed individual is defined as a person who:

A) desires a sex change (or gender reassignment) operation because they are, in fact, homosexual.
B) is asexual as a result of a lack of appropriate hormonal activation during puberty.
C) enjoys dressing in the clothing of the opposite gender for the purpose of sexual arousal.
D) is born with non-standard male or female genitalia.

Question 39

Which of the following attributes is most consistent with the gender type of a man?

A) Emotional
B) Aggressive
C) Nurturing
D) Passive

Question 40

The development of pubic hair,though located around the external genitalia which are involved in reproduction,is still considered to be a __________ sexual characteristic.

A) secondary
B) pubescent
C) primary
D) tertiary

Question 41

In the culture of India,a __________ refers to an individual who occupies the "third gender," and is neither a man nor a woman.

A) kathoey
B) hijra
C) winkte
D) koro

Question 42

At a recent viewing of the latest Hollywood blockbuster,LaToya and Ronald shared an awkward moment.LaToya,deeply moved by the story line,began to cry during the movie,while Ronald sat twiddling his thumbs wondering when the movie would finally be over.Afterward,while they were discussing their different reactions,Ronald said "Well,girls always cry at sappy movies.That's why guys really hate those kinds of shows." Ronald is demonstrating that he holds very deep gender __________.

A) roles
B) stereotypes
C) mores
D) schemas

Question 43

"Children observe the world around than and develop mental concepts to represent the concepts of male and female.They then develop a concept of their own gender,and adjust their behaviors to be consistent with that concept." This statement is the foundation of __________ theory.

A) gender role
B) gender schema
C) social learning
D) social gender

Question 44

"I really don't understand what all of the debate is about," argued Bernice during a classroom debate."Everyone knows that there are only two genders,male and female.Anything else is just a deviation from normalcy!" "Oh,but Bernice," you reply,"that is so wrong! In India the __________ are considered a third gender,just like the __________ of Thailand!"

A) koro; hijra
B) hijra; kathoey
C) winkte; hijra
D) kathoey; koro

Question 45

According to research,when do most people who deal with issues of gender dissonance first experience such feelings?

A) Middle adulthood
B) Childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Early adulthood

Question 46

The first widely known transsexual was former U.S.Army soldier Christine Jorgensen who traveled to __________ to have sexual reassignment surgery in the 1950s.

A) Paris
B) Denmark
C) London
D) Australia

Question 47

People with gender __________ disorder feel that they were born into the body of the wrong sex and have a strong identification with the opposite gender.

A) development
B) identity
C) establishment
D) androgyny

Question 48

Which of the following "equations" is the most accurate?

A) gender schema theory + elements of cognition = social learning theory
B) gender schema theory + androgyny = transsexualism
C) androgyny + social learning theory = elements of cognition
D) social learning theory + elements of cognition = gender schema theory.

Question 49

One of these things is not like the others.Can you figure out which one?

A) homosexual
B) winkte
C) gender identity disorder
D) kathoey

Question 50

People with gender identity disorder:

A) are homosexual.
B) can have any sexual orientation.
C) are asexual
D) are bisexual.

Question 51

LaValle is 4 years old,and as one might expect he pays very careful attention to his father.He imitates many of his father's actions,copies his behaviors,and responds appropriately to rewards and punishments for his own behaviors.LaValle is learning many aspects of gender through the __________ theory.

A) behavioral
B) gender schema
C) cognitive acquisitive
D) social learning

Question 52

Expectations about the way men and women behave are called gender __________.

A) mores
B) norms
C) roles
D) schemas

Question 53

Which of the following statements has research found with regard to androgynous people?

A) They have a greater likelihood of having a non-heterosexual orientation.
B) They are highly functioning and effective because they do not limit themselves to one set of gender rules.
C) They have greater difficulties in adolescence as a result of peer teasing.
D) They are socially inept because they cannot relate effectively to people of their own or the opposite sex.

Question 54

By the age of 3 years,what playmates are generally preferred by children?

A) Children who are older than themselves
B) Children of the opposite sex
C) Other children of their own sex
D) No general preferences have been identified by research until children reach the age of 5 years.

Question 55

Which of the following is the best description of a "winkte" individual?

A) bisexual transsexual
B) neither male nor female
C) homosexual female
D) intersexed

Question 56

Which of the following is a valid concern with regard to treating boys and girls differently during their childhoods?

A) Adults stressing independence may be less nurturing of girls than of boys, since they feel that girls naturally have better problem-solving abilities than boys
B) Adults may grow to love children more or less based on their gender-consistent behaviors.
C) Adults may grow to have different expectations about the abilities of boys and girls, and thus treat them in ways that either encourage or discourage certain skills.
D) Adults may force more encouragement and instruction in math and science on girls, since they believe that girls are naturally less capable in those subjects.

Question 57

At what age do children tend to reach the peak of their gender rigidity?

A) 5-6 years of age
B) 3-4 years of age
C) 7-8 years of age
D) 9-10 years of age

Question 58

A gender __________ refers to a widely held belief about a person or group of people that is based solely on gender.

A) role
B) stereotype
C) norm
D) schema

Question 59

Social __________ theory emphasizes the role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior.

A) acquisition
B) gender
C) cognitive
D) learning

Question 60

In __________,the kathoeys represent what is sometimes called a third gender of individuals who are neither completely male nor completely female.

A) Thailand
B) Senegal
C) Indigenous North America
D) Siberia

Question 61

The fact that women tend to have greater skill at verbal fluency when compared to men may be related to parts of the __________ cortex being thicker in women.

A) parietal
B) occipital
C) temporal
D) frontal

Question 62

While women are generally shorter and less muscular than men,there is good news! Which of the following statements has been supported by research findings?

A) Women, on average, have larger parietal lobes in their brains than men.
B) Women, on average, are better at puzzles of spatial skill than men.
C) Women, on average, have more muscle and less fat than men.
D) Women, on average, live 5 years longer than men.

Question 63

The part of the brain that controls spatial perception is located in the __________ lobe of the cerebrum.

A) parietal
B) frontal
C) occipital
D) temporal

Question 64

Which of the following conditions is more likely to occur in a woman than in a man?

A) depression
B) autism
C) alcoholism
D) committing suicide

Question 65

How many of the 46 chromosomes that most human beings have ultimately determine our sex?

A) 5
B) 3
C) 1
D) 0 - Sex is not determined by chromosomes, but rather by individual genes.

Question 66

Some people are very quick to come to the aid of a woman because she is perceived as being helpless,weak,and unable to provide for herself.These same individuals may be quite a bit less likely to come to the assistance of a man in the same situation.Though these people may have noble intentions,this is still an example of __________ sexism.

A) backhanded
B) chivalrous
C) paradoxical
D) benevolent

Question 67

Research has found that part of the __________ cortex is thicker in men than in women,which may explain why men tend to excel at spatial puzzles when compared to women.

A) occipital
B) parietal
C) frontal
D) temporal

Question 68

When compared to men,women are _______ as likely to suffer from depression and _______ times as likely to suffer from an eating disorder.

A) four times; ten
B) twice; five
C) twice; ten
D) five times; twenty

Question 69

According to your textbook,women are ten times as likely as men to suffer from an eating disorder.Research has also demonstrated that parts of the frontal lobes of women's brains are thicker than the frontal lobes of men's brains.It would be easy to suggest,therefore,that having a thicker area in the frontal lobe causes women to have a higher rate of eating disorders.Why is this explanation invalid?

A) Because it does not take into account the impact of societal pressure on women to be thin.
B) Because the only way to measure the thickness of cerebral lobes is through autopsy after death, and there is no way to know if those areas are also thicker when a person is alive.
C) Because it ignores the fact that men have a thicker parietal cortex, which might also explain the eating disorder disparity.
D) Because eating behaviors are controlled by the hypothalamus, which is not located in the frontal lobes of the brain.

Question 70

The average woman has ____% more fat and ____% less muscle than the average man.

A) 50; 25
B) 20; 10
C) 70; 40
D) 80; 10

Question 71

Which of the following conditions is more likely to occur in a man than in a woman?

A) an eating disorder
B) color-blindness
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) a sleep disorder

Question 72

When it comes to the topic of benevolent sexism,many people may get confused over what is and what is not considered this type of behavior? Which of the following statements explains some of this confusion?

A) Because the term is so contradictory that many people argue that benevolent sexism does not, in fact, exist.
B) Because benevolent sexism is such a new topic, many older adults are simply unable to change their behaviors to remove the benevolent sexism.
C) Because some believe that benevolent sexism can only apply to men's behaviors directed at women.
D) Because some behaviors that are widely considered to be chivalrous are actually a form of benevolent sexism.

Question 73

Research has found that,generally speaking,heterosexual women prefer to date and/or marry a man who is taller than herself.If this finding is correct,then it is good news for women that men are,on average,_______ taller than women.

A) 4 inches
B) 5 inches
C) 2 inches
D) 8 inches

Question 74

While there has been quite a bit of effort to emphasize the equality of men and women - to promote the concept that men and women have no true differences when it comes to skills and abilities - what has research consistently found about this topic?

A) Research has found that men and women are vastly different creatures, with massive differences in our natural physical and cognitive abilities, and that the push to create a 'gender neutral' society is contrary to the laws of nature.
B) Research has found that there are brain differences between men and women but that these differences are not significant and do not affect our behaviors at all.
C) Research supports the idea that other than genitalia and reproductive abilities, men and women have no true biological differences.
D) Research has found that there are ways in which men and women are consistently different.

Question 75

When is the presence of a gender stereotype most damaging to individuals and/or groups?

A) When it leads to the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) When it leads to cognitive dissonance.
C) When it leads to sexism.
D) When it leads to gender androgyny.

Question 76

Consider the following three circumstances: (1)Raul is walking toward a business office,and when he gets there he opens the door for a woman and allows her to walk through ahead of himself.(2)Raul is walking toward a business office,and when he gets there he opens the door for a man and a woman who are also approaching,and allows both of them to walk through ahead of himself.(3)Raul is walking toward a business office,and when he gets there he opens the door for a woman and allows her to walk through ahead of himself,but then he walks through without holding the door for the man with whom the woman was having a conversation.In which of the above circumstances has Raul demonstrated the greatest example of benevolent sexism?

A) Circumstance #1 and Circumstance #3
B) Circumstance #1
C) Circumstance #2
D) Circumstance #3

Question 77

__________ refers to prejudice and unfair treatment against men or women based on gender stereotypes.

A) Gender discordance
B) Sexism
C) Ageism
D) Gender schema dissonance

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender stereotypes?

A) Gender stereotypes are always harmful to both men and women.
B) Gender stereotypes can have either positive or negative characteristics
C) Gender stereotypes always paint men as being "better" than women.
D) . Gender stereotypes are always reversed when talking about homosexual individuals.

Question 79

Part of the __________ cortex tends to be thicker in adult men,while part of the __________ cortex tends to be thicker in adult women.

A) frontal; occipital
B) parietal; frontal
C) occipital; temporal
D) temporal; parietal

Question 80

During the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing,China,organizers developed the first __________ laboratory to make sure that the athletes were all playing on a level playing field.This was the first time that such testing took place at an Olympic event.

A) drug testing
B) equipment verification
C) gender determination
D) oxygenation saturation