Deck 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

The basis of attribution theory,which suggests that we try to understand behaviors of ourselves or others by attributing them to internal or external causes,was formulated and proposed by __________.

A) Stanley Milgram
B) Fritz Heider
C) Solomon Asch
D) Thomas Merton

Answer 1

Fritz Heider

Question 2

A __________ attribution looks at __________ factors,while a __________ attribution looks at __________ factors.

A) situational; external : dispositional; internal
B) biased; influenced : unbiased; genuine
C) dispositional; external : situational; internal
D) biased: genuine : unbiased; influenced

Answer 2

situational; external : dispositional; internal

Question 3

Annabelle was driving along when the car in front of her stopped suddenly.She stomped on the brake,and avoided a collision by just a few inches."Wow,it's a good thing I'm such a good driver," Annabelle thought.Sometime later,Annabelle was in an accident where she rear-ended a different vehicle.She told the officer,"Well,you see,it was dark and the road was wet.It was not possible for me to stop in time!" Annabelle's different responses to her successful or failed attempt to avoid an accident demonstrates the

A) self-serving bias
B) attractiveness bias
C) availability heuristic
D) fundamental attribution error

Answer 3

self-serving bias

Question 4

The process through which a person understands and categorizes the behavior of others is called social __________.

A) indexing
B) interpretation
C) licensing
D) perception

Question 5

On a recent episode of "Britain's Got Talent," many viewers were shocked and surprised when a 40-something year old woman who had rather plain looks sang a rendition of "I Dreamed A Dream," that was absolutely incredible.The judges lauded her with praise and she passed the first level of the competition.Many people who were interviewed suggested that they had not expected her to do so well,and admitted that her rather plain appearance is what caused them to be so surprised.This is an unfortunate example of the ___________ bias.

A) attractiveness
B) self-serving
C) fundamental attributional
D) Pygmalion

Question 6

The way we each affect the thoughts,feelings,and behaviors of others and are,in turn,affected by others is the study of __________.

A) sociology
B) social psychology
C) anthropology
D) social philosophy

Question 7

__________ psychology is the study of how the thoughts,feelings,and behaviors of individuals influence and are influenced by interactions with other people.

A) Interpersonal
B) Social
C) Positive
D) Personality

Question 8

What is the basic underlying reason why we tend to make attributional mistakes?

A) We generally do not pay enough attention to our surroundings, and thus miss essential information that would help us avoid attributional mistakes.
B) We are generally quick to assume the worst of intents in other people, so this leads us to attributional mistakes.
C) We are more concerned with getting an attribution made quickly than getting it made correctly, and this causes us to make mistakes.
D) We don't have enough information to know why a person behaved as they did, so we make rapid assumptions.

Question 9

An __________ is a claim about the cause of a person's behavior.

A) attribution
B) inference
C) explanation
D) assumption

Question 10

Wendy is walking down the street when she suddenly falls down and lands squarely on her backside.A group of girls standing about 50 feet away start laughing hysterically,telling each other what a klutz that Wendy is.The unsympathetic girls in this group are making a(n)__________ attribution to explain why Wendy fell down.

A) situational
B) negative
C) positive
D) dispositional

Question 11

When he was introduced to his best friend's sister,Marlon immediately got the sense that she didn't like him.For some reason he felt that she was a bit cold,not genuine when she said "its nice to meet you," and he was left with the impression that she was a bit snobby.Marlon's attempt to understand and categorize the behavior of his friend's sister is called __________.

A) external attributing
B) presumptive inferring
C) social perception
D) dispositional relating.

Question 12

While driving down a busy highway,Bella is suddenly cut off by another driver who is weaving in and out of traffic,changing lanes and speeding with apparently no regard for other drivers.Very frustrated by this,Bella yells out "You're such a jerk," even though the other driver can't hear her.Bella's use of a dispositional attribution when she really has no idea why the other driver is behaving this way is an example of the __________.

A) Pygmalion effect
B) attributional schemata bias
C) self-serving bias
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 13

When their friend Vincent was walking down the hall after a pleasant conversation,Neil and Michaela watched as he suddenly tripped and fell to the floor,scattering his schoolbooks all over the hallway.They ran over to him,helped him pick up his books,and commented,"I didn't know that the floor was so slippery in this part of the hall!" Neil and Michaela have made a __________ attribution to explain why Vincent fell over.

A) situational
B) assistive
C) dispositional
D) cooperative

Question 14

A(n)__________ bias is the tendency for a person to rate physically attractive people as being more intelligent,competent,sociable,and sensitive than their less attractive counterparts.

A) attractiveness
B) first-impression
C) primacy
D) appearance

Question 15

A preexisting __________ is a set of ideas of beliefs about others that leads a person to perceive others in a way that conforms to that person's expectations.

A) structure
B) schema
C) bias
D) notion

Question 16

A __________ attribution is based on a person's surroundings or environment.

A) environmental
B) dispositional
C) contextual
D) situational

Question 17

When half of his class earned Ds and Fs on the midterm exam,Professor Bush came back to the next class and delivered a stern lecture about their effort.He admonished the class for failing to meet their obligations,for being lazy,and for not taking their studies seriously.These attributions,which were all __________ attributions,did not really give any consideration to the fact that the students may have had other reasons for failing the exam that were beyond their immediate control.

A) cooperative
B) situational
C) accusatory
D) dispositional

Question 18

The __________ attribution error is a phenomenon in which people make an attribution based on character,even when they know that the behavior is situational.

A) dispositional
B) negative
C) fundamental
D) presumptive

Question 19

A(n)__________ attribution is an attribution that is based on a person's personality or characteristics.

A) situational
B) dispositional
C) explanatory
D) universal

Question 20

According to Heider's attribution theory,when we come across a behavior we don't immediately understand,either in others or in ourselves,how do we seek to understand or explain those behaviors?

A) We try to decide how best to change that behavior so that it is consistent with our current understanding.
B) We try to figure out how the behavior was influenced by a person's cultural background.
C) We try to figure out if the behaviors were caused by internal dispositions or external situations.
D) We try to figure out if the person doing the behavior had favorable or malicious intents.

Question 21

__________ neurons help us in mentalizing,as they fire both when we perform an action and when we watch others performing that same action.This,in turn,helps us relate our actions and intentions to those of others.

A) Efferent
B) Mirror
C) Reciprocal
D) Afferent

Question 22

"If you demand excellence from people,you frequently get it.If you demand nothing from people,you always get it." This statement is a summary of the _________ effect.

A) bias
B) Pygmalion
C) attribution
D) confirmation

Question 23

The ___________ effect is the tendency for people to behave in accordance with others' expectations.

A) self-serving
B) social influence
C) external attributional
D) Pygmalion

Question 24

What has research found about the nearly universal human desire to be accepted and well-liked by others?

A) Wanting to be well-liked by others is an entirely psychological phenomenon that has nothing to do with our physical well-being.
B) Society is becoming more and more tolerant of people who are on the "fringe" of normal and accepted behavior because the desire to be well-liked overwhelms the desire to judge others.
C) Those who are isolated from society but who are happy in their isolation are as healthy as others, suggesting that the approval motive is not, in fact, universal.
D) Wanting to be well-liked by others helps us survive by boosting health and reducing vulnerability to illness.

Question 25

Social __________ refers to real or imagined psychological forces that people exert over others through their example,judgments,or demands.

A) pressure
B) characteristics
C) influence
D) constriction

Question 26

The __________ effect refers to a person's unconscious mimicry of other people's expressions,behaviors,and voice tones.

A) chameleon
B) imitative
C) contagion
D) social influence

Question 27

Have you ever failed an exam and blamed the teacher for not doing a good job of clarifying the material or for writing an unfair exam? Maybe you got a better grade on the next test and congratulated yourself for your study skills,your intelligence,and your tremendous effort.This might be considered an example of the __________ bias.

A) self-serving
B) attributional
C) attentiveness
D) self-induced effort

Question 28

The __________ bias is the tendency for a person to attribute his or her failures to external events and his or her successes to personal characteristics and skills.

A) internal-external
B) attractiveness
C) fundamental attribution
D) self-serving

Question 29

Even though Dov constantly asked his brother Marcus who he thought would win the Super Bowl,Marcus declined to make a solid commitment to one team or the other.He spoke about the strengths and weaknesses of each team and pontificated about what each team would have to do to win.After the game,Marcus told Dov,"You see,I told you they would win if they just followed a specific game plan!" Marcus is falling prey to the __________ motive.

A) accuracy
B) correctness
C) pinwheel
D) bullseye

Question 30

The behavioral __________ confirmation is a phenomenon that enables a person to influence other people to act in accordance with his or her expectations.

A) outcome
B) bias
C) associative
D) expectation

Question 31

Research into social __________ focuses on the underlying processes,such as attention and memory,which make social behavior possible.

A) influence
B) persuasion
C) cognition
D) functionality

Question 32

"If you all do well on the exam,I will let you skip one of the quizzes that I had planned for the rest of the semester," Professor Hollister tells his class.This sort of promise is an example of a(n)__________ motive,which gives a reward for acting in a certain way.

A) approval
B) influential
C) hedonic
D) affiliative

Question 33

A(n)__________ motive is a pleasurable incentive or reward for acting in a certain way.

A) reinforcement
B) hedonic
C) extrinsic
D) approval

Question 34

_________is a person's understanding that his or her behavior and that of others reflects a person's mental states.

A) Mentalizing
B) Cognitizing
C) Attributing
D) Categorizing

Question 35

Which of the following is a motive that is linked to the concepts of social pressure and influence?

A) Accumulation motive
B) Achievement Motive
C) Hedonic motive
D) Affiliation Motive

Question 36

Social __________ is behavioral control.

A) manipulation
B) affect
C) influence
D) effect

Question 37

There is a famous book that was published in 1985 entitled The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat that documented a case of an individual who was suddenly unable to recognize the features of his wife's face.This condition is called __________.

A) prosopagnosia
B) fusiform facial agnosia
C) mentalized facial amnesia
D) the Pygmalion effect

Question 38

One difficulty of the current system of education in the United States of America is that some students are put into advanced placement (AP)classes,while some students are put into basic classes.Not surprisingly,students who are told that they are expected to excel tend to show better learning and results in their classes,while students who are not told that they are expected to excel tend not to.This result is one example of the __________ confirmation.

A) behavioral expectation
B) self-serving
C) population bias
D) dispositional

Question 39

The __________ motive is a person's desire to be correct or "right."

A) accuracy
B) attractiveness
C) approval
D) hedonic

Question 40

Prosopagnosia is explained by deficits in the __________ face area of the brain.

A) fusiform
B) lateral
C) chiasmatic
D) dorsal

Question 41

According to Darley and Latane,when a person observed an individual having an epileptic seizure,what made that individual most likely to step in and assist the seizing individual?

A) The belief that they were the only person who could hear and help that victim.
B) The belief that they had the medical knowledge to provide competent assistance.
C) The knowledge that it would take an ambulance more than 5 minutes to arrive on the scene.
D) The fact that they were very religious and believed in the concept of "helping your fellow man."

Question 42

Which of the following researcher's work was the most influential in shaping our understanding of conformity?

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Solomon Asch
C) Martin Seligman
D) Muzafer Sherif

Question 43

A(n)__________ situation is one in which a person is isolated or cut off from alternative viewpoints and is given strict rewards and punishments from leaders.

A) isolated
B) persuasive
C) comparative
D) total

Question 44

Have you ever walked into a room where a friend or family member was racked with hysterical laughter? The fact that you started first smiling,then giggling,and then laughing even though you had no idea what you were laughing about is called the __________ effect.

A) chameleon
B) influential
C) positive hedonic
D) imitative

Question 45

A(n)__________ group consists of those people to whom a person feels affiliated.

A) reference
B) affiliation
C) influencing
D) comparison

Question 46

The obedience experiment that demonstrated the dangers of obedience was conducted in the 1960s by psychologist __________.

A) Phillip Zimbardo
B) Solomon Asch
C) Stanley Milgram
D) Muzafer Sherif

Question 47

The work of Solomon Asch showed how __________,or susceptibility to the opinions of others,can cause people to conform.

A) social inhibition
B) suggestibility
C) diffuse social boundaries
D) persuasiveness

Question 48

If you come home from work to find your spouse in a particularly bad mood,the chameleon effect suggests that which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) You are likely to turn around and walk out the door because this effect suggests that we avoid people who are experiencing negative moods.
B) Your spouse will only start cheering up after your mood has diminished, because this effect suggests that positive moods are shared, but negative moods are "given."
C) You are likely to start getting into a bad mood yourself.
D) Your spouse is going to immediately cheer up because someone who is not in a bad mood is in their vicinity.

Question 49

In his experiment on conformity,Solomon Asch demonstrated that a group of at least ___ people was needed to create the pressure that would lead an unsuspecting subject to alter his or her behavior to be like the group.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 7

Question 50

In the experiments conducted by Solomon Asch,what was the main task that subjects had to perform?

A) Selecting line sizes
B) Pretend they were prison guards
C) Plunge their hands into buckets of water that were either ice cold or scalding hot
D) Deliver electric shocks to helpless victims

Question 51

Which of the following personal characteristics is most likely to result in resistance to the effects of conformity?

A) Having no prior commitment to a particular response or position
B) Having a need for the admiration of others
C) Being asked to make a decision that is low in personal relevance.
D) Feelings of competence and personal security

Question 52

Omar is walking through the shopping mall with 3 of his buddies,when all of the sudden they come across a curious scene.Four girls are verbally abusing a fifth girl,and it is clear that a physical altercation is about to occur.Omar stands quietly watching the scene,until two of his friends step in to try to break up the fracas.When they intervene,Omar steps in as well,providing greater assurance that a fight is not going to take place.In this case,Omar's group of friends served as a __________ group for Omar's behavior.

A) pressure
B) conformity
C) normative
D) reference

Question 53

When people adjust their thinking to match the standard that has been set by a group,even when there is no direct or overt pressure to make that adjustment,they are demonstrating __________.

A) pressure
B) conformity
C) persuasion
D) social influence.

Question 54

In 1964,a woman by the name of __________ was raped and murdered,allegedly in front of 38 witnesses,none of whom assisted her or called for help.

A) Africa Williams
B) Martha Vusich
C) Karen McCombs
D) Kitty Genovese

Question 55

One example of a __________ situation might be the prison camps of Nazi Germany,where guards were given strict instructions on how to behave,with the promise of rewards for compliance and punishment for disobedience.

A) conformity
B) coercive
C) total
D) bystander

Question 56

__________ social influence is influence that draws on a person's desire for others' approval and his or her longing to be part of a group.

A) External
B) Normative
C) Peer-induced
D) Suggestible

Question 57

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that influences conformity,according to Solomon Asch?

A) Being in an individualistic society rather than a collectivist society
B) Being in a unanimous group without dissenters
C) Being among admired people.
D) Being in a public setting

Question 58

Which of the following tasks was the main purpose of the seminal obedience experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram?

A) Administering electric shocks to a helpless victim..
B) Making determinations about the temperature of a bucket of water.
C) Selecting colors to match a comparison sample.
D) Forcing people to wear clothing that was either fashionable or outdated

Question 59

If you are driving along and you get a flat tire,in which of the following circumstances are you most likely to receive help?

A) If you are on the side of a busy highway and you open your trunk lid to indicate that there is a problem.
B) If you are in the parking lot of a movie theater right after a popular, sold-out movie lets out.
C) If you are near a crowded park where there are a lot of people picnicking.
D) If you are on a remote country road where only one or two cars drive by each hour

Question 60

The tragic case of Kitty Genovese illustrated the __________ effect,which suggests that the more people who are present,the less likely any of them are to provide assistance when it is needed.

A) observational
B) social loafing
C) effortful diffusion
D) bystander

Question 61

Making an initial request for a favor and then reducing the request so that it seems like less of a task or imposition is the __________ technique.

A) reciprocity
B) foot-in-the-door
C) lowball
D) door-in-the-face

Question 62

"You never get a second chance to make a first impression." This oft-used saying is a summary of the __________ effect.

A) perseverance
B) sleeper
C) central route
D) peripheral

Question 63

Zorana goes into a large electronics store where they sell everything.Maybe you've been to this store.It really is the Best place to Buy electronics.She is interested in a laptop computer that she saw advertised for $400,but the salesman immediately says "We're sold out of that one,but let me show you this other great model." Amazingly the new model is $750.Zorana,who is a psychology major,immediately recognizes this as an example of the __________ technique.

A) bait-and-switch
B) foot-in-the-door
C) door-in-the-face
D) lowball

Question 64

A(n)__________ is an evaluative belief or opinion about a person,object,or idea.

A) bias
B) stereotype
C) prejudice
D) attitude

Question 65

The __________ technique encourages compliance by offering an attractive deal,only to change the terms of the deal at a later time.

A) foot-in-the-door
B) door-in-the-face
C) bait-and-switch
D) lowball

Question 66

"Professor Wilson," asks Jeremy,who is a freshman in class,"I had a really tough week and wanted to know if I can turn in our term paper a week late.I just haven't had time to write it!" Given that this request comes on the Friday the paper is due,Professor Wilson declines the request."Then would it be okay if I get it to you on Monday,or even email it to you tomorrow?" To this changed request,Professor Williams agrees.Professor Williams is obviously not a psychology teacher,otherwise he would know he was just a victim of the __________ technique.

A) bait-and-switch
B) foot-in-the-door
C) door-in-the-face
D) lowball

Question 67

When Martha visited a car dealership to buy a new minivan,the salesman was polite,engaging,and seemed enthusiastic about making a sale.He agreed with Martha on the terms of the sale,including the price and the added incentives.When it came time to close the deal,however,"problems" suddenly came up,and the salesman had to change the terms of the deal so that it was no longer as sweet as Martha had hoped it would be.That salesman is using the __________ technique.

A) bait-and-switch
B) foot-in-the-door
C) lowball
D) reciprocal

Question 68

Which of the following statements is the best summary of the "norm of reciprocity"?

A) You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours.
B) I scratched your back, so now you owe me one.
C) I'll scratch your back and you can scratch mine.
D) If we get three people together, we can all experience a back scratch at the same time!

Question 69

Social psychologist Leon Festinger coined the term cognitive __________ to refer to a disconnect between a person's internal attitudes and his or her external behavior.

A) disproportionality
B) discontinuity
C) inattentiveness
D) dissonance

Question 70

Explicit attitudes are held __________,while implicit attitudes are held __________.

A) internally; externally
B) unconsciously; consciously
C) externally; internally
D) consciously; unconsciously

Question 71

__________ is a direct and deliberate attempt to change a person's attitude or behavior.

A) Conformity
B) Influencing
C) Persuasion
D) Pressure

Question 72

In a now famous presidential debate from 1960,Richard Nixon and John F.Kennedy appeared on nationwide television.The next day many people declared that Nixon had lost the debate,and commented on his sickly and disheveled appearance.Their decision about who the winner of the debate was came via __________ route processing.

A) didactic
B) central
C) peripheral
D) dynamic

Question 73

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that influenced obedience in the Stanley Milgram experiment?

A) The presence of an intermediary bystander.
B) The participant is affected by normative and informational influence.
C) The victim is kept at a distance and is depersonalized.
D) The promise of an increased reward or incentive for increased obedience.

Question 74

What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment were willing to administer a lethal dose of electricity (450 volts)at the command of a perceived authority figure?

A) 30%
B) 65%
C) 80%
D) 10%

Question 75

Which of the following techniques is discussed in your textbook as a means of gaining another individual's compliance?

A) The door-in-the-face technique
B) The PIYAN technique
C) The revolving request technique
D) The incremental increase technique

Question 76

__________ is a change in a person's behavior that occurs in response to a direct request.

A) Conformity
B) Obedience
C) Compliance
D) Influence

Question 77

Which of the following is one of the major components of an attitude?

A) Reflection
B) Interpretation
C) Restatement
D) Affect

Question 78

When you focus on the content of a person's persuasive message and not on details of the speaker him- or herself,you are using __________ route processing.

A) peripheral
B) internal
C) central
D) direct

Question 79

Even as Leon is standing outside puffing away on an unfiltered cigarette,he is thinking to himself,"You know,this is really stupid.It's bad for me,and it makes me smell like an ashtray." Leon's discomfort - the divide between his attitude and his behavior - results in __________.

A) behavioral perseveration
B) attitudinal shifts
C) cognitive dissonance
D) tangential cognitizing

Question 80

People who are highly motivated and very able to understand a persuasive message are likely to be persuaded through the central route,while people who are not tend to be persuaded through the peripheral route.This is the main concept of the ____________ model.

A) Pygmalion
B) foot-in-the-door
C) persuasion paradigm
D) elaboration likelihood