Deck 4: The Physical Environment and Crime Prevention

Question 1

The type of street layout that is associated with the lowest levels of crime is:

A) through-traffic streets
B) L-type streets
C) one-way streets
D) dead-end or cul-de-sac
E) none of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A Type 3 effect in Rubenstein et al.'s model considers the impact of the physical design on a variety of intervening factors.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of Fisher and Nasar's elements impacting surveillability?

A) prospect
B) lighting
C) escape
D) refuge
E) all of the above are elements

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Real territoriality is engendered by walls, fences, gates, or other items that place a physical barrier in front of people.

Question 5

Assessments of CCTV have generally shown:

A) more crime in covered areas
B) less crime mainly in public housing areas
C) increased fear in covered areas
D) mostly conflicting or not significant results
E) none of the above

Question 6

Activity support and motivation reinforcement are roughly the same thing.

Question 7

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, as outlined by Newman, includes all but which of the following elements?

A) natural surveillance
B) image
C) territoriality
D) milieu
E) all are elements of CPTED

Question 8

Hot products that are highly targeted by thieves may be characterized by being:

A) CRAVED
B) CPTED
C) Displaced
D) OTREP
E) none of the above

Question 9

_________________ refers to things such as signs, landscaping, or other items that signal a change in ownership or area.

A) Image
B) Milieu
C) Symbolic territoriality
D) Surveillance
E) none of the above

Question 10

The evaluation of the North Asylum Hill environmental design project found all but which of the following?

A) decline in fear
B) increase in the use of the streets and parks by residents
C) long-term decrease in crime
D) reduced vehicular traffic
E) all of the above were found

Question 11

Merry's participant-observation study of a housing project that appeared to incorporate the basic defensible space features advocated by Newman found:

A) no effect of the physical features on crime
B) no effect of the physical features on surveillance and a sense of community.
C) the physical features were not necessarily good for crime prevention
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 12

Taylor's research on disorder and incivility found that:

A) only physical incivility makes a difference
B) disorder and incivility are important only if residents perceive a problem
C) disorder and incivility are the most important predictors of crime
D) incivility only has an impact on resident's fear
E) none of the above

Question 13

Evaluations of street lighting on crime, particularly in the U.K., reveal:

A) little or no impact
B) a negative impact
C) a positive impact
D) positive impact for businesses, negative for housing
E) none of the above

Question 14

Enhancing the ability and desire of residents and legitimate users of an area to lay claim to the area is:

A) milieu
B) OTREP
C) activity support
D) territoriality
E) none of the above

Question 15

Oscar Newman's concepts of "defensible space" were addressed primarily to:

A) architects and policymakers
B) police officers
C) neighborhood residents
D) Jane Jacobs
E) landlords

Question 16

In Newman's comparison of two housing complexes, he argued that high crime was related to all but which of the following?

A) unmonitored entryways
B) the sharing of entrances by a lot of close friends
C) the inability to monitor outside activity
D) unfamiliar users of the area
E) all of these are related to high crime

Question 17

The idea that CPTED needs to explicitly look beyond simple physical design and overtly incorporate social factors and activities in prevention is known as:

A) neighborhood crime prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) second-generation CPTED
D) formal surveillance
E) none of the above

Question 18

The ability to regulate who comes and goes from an area or building, with the intent of limiting access to legitimate users, is known as territoriality.

Question 19

The __________ of the Association of Chief Police Offices emphasizes and promotes the inclusion of safety and security measures in new and existing buildings.

A) Crime and Disorder Act
B) Secured By Design program
C) Alleygating Act
D) National CPTED Guidelines
E) none of the above

Question 20

Territoriality, access control, surveillance, and other elements of CPTED are complementary and always serve to enhance one another.

Question 21

Analysis of changes in the Union Avenue Corridor found little change in the level of crime or in the fear of crime.

Question 22

The Reducing Burglary Initiative in the U.K. found that in the majority of communities the program had little impact relative to control areas.

Question 23

Physical and social signs of disorder are typically referred to as signs of incivility.

Question 24

Refuge deals with the presence or absence of concealment, in which offenders could hide from potential victims.

Question 25

CRAVED refers to concealable, removable, accessible, valuable, enjoyable, and disposable.