Deck 8: Probation

Question 1

Studies suggest that being granted probation makes people more likely to commit crimes than if they were sent to prison.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Probation may be revoked if the person on probation fails to attend a therapy program.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Those on probation tend to be convicted of low-level crimes.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Presentence investigation reports must always be carried out by probation officers who work for the judicial branch of the government.

Question 5

A defendant's preliminary hearing can be waived.

Question 6

Probation officers have broad discretion to investigate potential rules violations and even new crimes.

Question 7

Probation officers rely upon their authority because they have little substantive power.

Question 8

Probation was originally used mainly for people who had been convicted of a .

A) crime for the first time
B) violent crime
C) low-level crime
D) crime of any sort

Question 9

Sixty percent of probation sentences are received directly from the judge.

Question 10

Probation officers favor case management systems because of the flexibility it gives them in supervising clients.

Question 11

The majority of people on probation in the United States today are .

A) white and female
B) African American and male
C) white and male
D) Latino and male

Question 12

Rules violations that result in in revocations are known as technical violations.

Question 13

Who was the first person to provide bail for defendants under the authority of the Boston Police Court in 1841?

A) John Augustus
B) John Howard
C) Zebulon Brockway
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 14

PSIs disallow victim impact statements describing their emotional and financial losses due to the crime.

Question 15

Experiments done during the 1960s and 1970s with probation services found that .

A) various methods of case management are equally effective
B) caseload reduction did not significantly reduce recidivism
C) evidence-based methods did not significantly reduce recidivism
D) probation officers could serve more people when acting as generalists

Question 16

Originating in the court, the first U.S. probation agencies were units of the judicial branches of city and county governments.

Question 17

"Benefit of clergy" is a way for judges to exercise lenience that was used in England and continues to be used in
U.S. courts today.

Question 18

During the sentencing phase of a revocation hearing, the judge decides whether to impose a term of incarceration and if so, for how long.

Question 19

The law enforcer role of probation focuses on surveillance and control of the convicted person.

Question 20

Programs that fail to follow the "five principles of effective programs" often make recidivism rates increase.

Question 21

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the presentence investigation report?

A) Williams v. New York (1949)
B) Mempa v. Rhay (1967)
C) Verdugo v. United States (1968)
D) Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)

Question 22

A presentence investigation (PSI) is part of .

A) the investigation stage of probation
B) the supervision stage of probation
C) a probation revocation hearing
D) a parole hearing

Question 23

Recognizance is a formally recorded to perform some act entered by a judge to permit a convicted individual to live in the community.

A) duty
B) obligation
C) contract
D) debt

Question 24

In which of the following ways may probation be terminated?

A) The person on probation completes the period of probation.
B) Probation caseloads are so large that some people have their probation terminated.
C) The person on probation commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.
D) The person on probation completes the period of probation and commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.

Question 25

Depending on the state, probation may be .

A) centralized or decentralized
B) administered by judiciary or executive branch
C) combined with parole services
D) All of these are correct

Question 26

Which of the following is a reason for having a centralized probation authority?

A) Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times.
B) It is able to train staff for a variety of roles.
C) It is able to implement broader programs with greater equality in supervision and services.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 27

conditions provide constraints on some people on probation to force them to deal with a significant problem and need such as substance abuse.

A) Standard
B) Technical
C) Treatment
D) Punitive

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT an innovation that was initially developed by John Augustus?

A) Probation
B) Supervision conditions
C) Home detention
D) Presentence investigation

Question 29

is a drug that inhibits drinking alcohol.

A) Methadone
B) Cocaine
C) Antabuse
D) Malabuse

Question 30

conditions provide constraints on some people on probation to increase the restrictiveness of probation including fines, community service, and restitution.

A) Standard
B) Technical
C) Punitive
D) Treatment

Question 31

The approved practice for handling revocation of probation .

A) is usually done in the judge's chamber.
B) proceeds in three stages.
C) is to take the convicted person directly to jail.
D) has been found unconstitutional.

Question 32

Project HOPE is a specialized approach that identifies the high-risk, chronic violator for close supervision augmented by regular .

A) home visits
B) court reporting
C) drug testing
D) ankle monitoring

Question 33

A probation officer faces role conflict every day around .

A) the demands of the organization and the expectations of the client.
B) the responsibilities of enforcing the law and providing services to the client simultaneously.
C) personal expectations about probation work and the visible realities of the job.
D) investments of time by the probation officer with respect to presentence investigation reports and counseling clients.

Question 34

conditions provide constraints on people on probation such as reporting to the probation office, change of address, employment, and not leaving a jurisdiction.

A) Standard
B) Technical
C) Treatment
D) Punitive

Question 35

supervision will likely continue to grow in popularity.

A) Punitive
B) Medical
C) Decreased reliance on
D) Specialization of

Question 36

The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on .

A) power
B) authority
C) individual rights
D) public safety

Question 37

The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?

A) The 1920s through the 1930s
B) The 1980s through the 1990s
C) The 1940s through the 1960s
D) The 1970s through the 1980s

Question 38

Between 1200 and 1827, English law .

A) discriminated against the upper social classes
B) strove for equality in all matters
C) discriminated against monks, nuns, and priests
D) discriminated in favor of the upper social classes

Question 39

Judicial reprieve in the United States .

A) found widespread use in the late 1800s.
B) was the source of widespread judicial corruption during the early 1900s.
C) was never fully enacted.
D) was declared unconstitutional in 1916.

Question 40

Risk management combines values of the model of the criminal sanction with the idea that the community deserves protection.

A) community
B) just deserts
C) restorative
D) medical

Question 41

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Punitive conditions

Question 42

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Recognizance

Question 43

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Treatment conditions

Question 44

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Technical violation

Question 45

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Judicial reprieve

Question 46

In incarceration, a person on probation spends nights and weekends in a local jail.

A) modified
B) shock
C) indeterminate
D) intermittent

Question 47

The organization of probation involves three key issues, EXCEPT for whether it should be .

A) paid for by the client
B) centralized versus decentralized
C) combined with parole
D) administered by the judiciary or executive branch

Question 48

The client's response to strongly influences the overall effectiveness of probation.

Question 49

Both reprieve and are aimed at humanizing the criminal law and mitigating its harshness.

A) probation
B) parole
C) recognizance
D) risk management

Question 50

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Performance-based supervision

Question 51

The most extensively used form of correctional control in this country is .

A) probation
B) parole
C) prison
D) jail

Question 52

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Community justice

Question 53

The technique of determines whether a person is using drugs.

Question 54

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
John Augustus

Question 55

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Motivational interviewing

Question 56

Today, about of those on probation have been convicted of a violent offense.

A) one-fifth
B) three-quarters
C) one-third
D) one-half

Question 57

interviewing increases the effectiveness of correctional treatment by having the probation officer interact with the client while promoting the client's change process.

Question 58

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
The ability to influence a person's actions in a desired direction without resorting to force is known as .

Question 59

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Failure to abide by rules and conditions of probation
b. Fines, community service, restitution
c. Reporting to the probation office a change of address
d. Establishes goals for supervision and evaluates
e. Constraints to deal with a significant problem/need
f. The first to provide bail for defendants
g. Formal obligation to perform an act within the community
h. Judge can suspend a sentence for good behavior
i. Method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment
j. Approach crime from a problem-solving perspective
Standard conditions

Question 60

Technological advances in probation to monitor the actions of probations include .

A) iris scans
B) inserted microchips in the skin
C) video conferencing
D) ankle bracelets

Question 61

Explain what is meant by revocation of probation. List and discuss the ways a person could have his or her probation revoked.

Question 62

The dual functions of probation are and supervision.

Question 63

systems help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on client problems, which are identified using a standardized assessment of risks and needs.

Question 64

conditions are constraints imposed on the person on probation to force him or her to deal with a significant problem or need, such as substance abuse.

Question 65

conditions are constraints imposed on a person on probation to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation, including fines, community service, and restitution.

Question 66

is the idea that instead of being sent to prison, a person is allowed to live in the community under supervision and must demonstrate a willingness to abide by its laws.

Question 67

refers to the return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior, as measured by new arrests or other problems with the law.

Question 68

Who was John Augustus, and how did his efforts change corrections in America? Be sure to identify the innovations and practices originated by his work.

Question 69

incarceration is when a person is sentenced to jail, released after a short period of confinement, and resentenced to probation.

Question 70

What is your overall opinion regarding the effectiveness of probation? Where do you see the practice of probation ten years from now, especially in terms of its frequency of usage?

Question 71

The PSI plays its most important role for the judge in the process.

Question 72

is the process by which private investigative firms contract convicted people to conduct comprehensive background checks and suggest to judges creative sentencing options as alternatives to incarceration.

Question 73

Describe the two primary functions of probation and how those functions are carried out.

Question 74

Describe the role of the probation officer, in terms of both the investigative function and the supervisory function.

Question 75

The chief conflict for a probation officer's role, which includes enforcing the law and helping the convict, arises from the use of and authority.

Question 76

A(n) is now a standard in the PSI, where an interview is conducted by the probation officer with the victim of the crime.

Question 77

constraints are the legal conditions of probation that are set by the court or written into law.

Question 78

What are evidence-based practices in reference to probation? Describe what evidence-based practices have been developed.

Question 79

investigative firms have recently begun to provide judges with PSIs.

Question 80

In your opinion, should violators of probation conditions be given additional chances before being sent to prison? Why or why not?