Deck 9: Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections

Question 1

There is strong evidence that traditional probation is ineffective with people convicted of serious crimes.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The cost of prison continues to increase as more people enter the system.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A continuum of sanctions means that punishments vary in intrusiveness and control.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Pretrial diversion targets mostly what type of offenses?

A) Alcohol
B) Misdemeanor
C) Felony
D) Drug

Question 5

Most correctional clients in the United States are under federal correctional authority.

Question 6

Day fines are fixed regardless of income.

Question 7

Administrators of traditional correctional agencies (e.g., jails, prisons, probation) often argue that they should also administer intermediate sanctions.

Question 8

A majority of Americans approve intermediate sanctions for most forms of nonviolent crime.

Question 9

One of the limitations of the use of probation is that .

A) it is considered a punitive sanction
B) people are more likely to commit crimes again than if they went to prison
C) it may not work with everyone
D) All of these are correct

Question 10

One of the key problems facing the future of intermediate sanctions and community correction in the United States is the lack of community support.

Question 11

Probation centers are where persistent probation violators reside for short periods of time.

Question 12

The most important issue concerning use of intermediate sanctions has to do with prison overcrowding.

Question 13

Prison costs more than probation in the United States because it must provide total control over a person's life in a way that probation cannot.

Question 14

Implementing intermediate sanctions has had three consequences. They include wider nets, stronger nets, and .

A) flatter nets
B) taller nets
C) weaker nets
D) different nets

Question 15

Restitution is compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss.

Question 16

One strength of intermediate sanctions is that there appears to be little racial, gender, or age bias in their application.

Question 17

Based on recent research efforts, it appears that both state and county agencies cannot really benefit from the use of a continuum of sanctions.

Question 18

Community service requires the convicted person to provide a specified number hours of free labor as restitution.

Question 19

Judges may use a range of sanctions from those exerting a low level of control to those exerting a high level of control.

A) truth in sentencing
B) determinate
C) intermediate
D) mandatory

Question 20

Evaluations of intensive supervision found that probation officers uncovered more rules violations than they did in regular probation.

Question 21

A major drawback of probation, as traditionally practiced, is that .

A) it is too impersonal
B) the probation officers don't really care about the client
C) it is inadequate for a large number of clients
D) there aren't enough clients to make it work

Question 22

Americans have traditionally tended to equate which of the following with punishment?

A) Probation
B) Prison
C) Parole
D) House arrest

Question 23

Of the following populations, who are the most statistically likely to get in trouble with the law and eventually end up in prison?

A) People with mental illnesses
B) Children of people who have been incarcerated
C) Spouses of people who have been incarcerated
D) Indigent people

Question 24

Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is known as .

A) intensive supervision
B) presentence
C) restricted supervision
D) pretrial diversion

Question 25

Early evaluations of intensive supervision found that .

A) convicted people are likely to commit another serious offense in six months
B) more technical violations occur than with traditional probation
C) little money is saved
D) probation officers dislike the program

Question 26

Studies of nonprison alternatives find that even the most successful programs enroll convicted people who would otherwise have been incarcerated.

A) a majority of
B) roughly half of
C) a minority of
D) slightly less than three quarters of

Question 27

The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal to .

A) help the community
B) reduce reliance on prisons
C) reduce crime
D) All of these are correct

Question 28

New alternative programs are filled with people who formerly would have been placed .

A) on regular probation
B) in prison
C) in shock incarceration
D) on parole

Question 29

More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are .

A) in prison
B) under community supervision
C) women
D) mentally ill

Question 30

Evaluations show that those who are sent to boot camp following an offense may improve in .

A) self-esteem
B) job skills
C) education
D) All of these are correct

Question 31

The movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and prison is referred to as the movement.

A) secondary sanctions
B) indeterminate sanctions
C) primary sanctions
D) intermediate sanctions

Question 32

Judges sometimes complain that their sentencing choices are .

A) indeterminate
B) too lenient
C) limited
D) lacking consistency

Question 33

Over dollars in fines is collected annually in the United States.

A) 25 million
B) 675 million
C) 1 billion
D) 3.7 billion

Question 34

Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions may further exacerbate in prison populations.

A) racial disparities
B) overcrowding
C) gang tensions
D) mental illness

Question 35

Home confinement is best suited to .

A) situational clients
B) clients with substance abuse issues
C) clients with relatively long sentences
D) low-risk clients with relatively stable residences

Question 36

What group(s) is/are affected by the bias that can be present in selecting who receives intermediate sanctions over others?

A) Whites and juveniles
B) Men
C) Non-English speakers and immigrants
D) Nonwhites and women

Question 37

Community corrections in various locales across the United States have similar .

A) goals
B) laws
C) populations
D) crime problems

Question 38

refers to a type of probation granted with conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload.

A) Home confinement
B) Shock probation
C) Intensive supervision
D) Pretrial diversion

Question 39

Studies of community service and restitution programs have generally found them vulnerable to .

A) political attacks by conservative politicians
B) budget cuts, since most are perceived as "extras"
C) the problem of net widening
D) All of these are correct

Question 40

is a condition that establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the convicted person either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime.

A) Service
B) Remunerative
C) Restitution
D) Recompense

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of four general types of community corrections control strategies used in the United States?

A) Drugs
B) Human surveillance
C) Electronics
D) Cognitive therapy

Question 42

Most sanctions in Western democracies do NOT involve .

A) imprisonment
B) probation
C) restitution
D) community corrections

Question 43

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Restitution

Question 44

funding is when community programs reduce recidivism and increase their funding.

Question 45

One of the future needs for intermediate sanctions and community corrections is clarified .

A) laws
B) goals
C) roles
D) alternatives

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT one of the main problems with the use of intermediate sanctions?

A) Selection of agencies
B) Net widening effect
C) Treatment follow-up
D) Selection of clients

Question 47

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Day fine

Question 48

measurement makes sure programs are having their intended effects.

Question 49

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Shock incarceration

Question 50

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Principle of interchangeability

Question 51

Alternative sanctions tend to be designed for .

A) women
B) juveniles
C) men
D) misdemeanants

Question 52

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Forfeiture

Question 53

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of
and control over the convicted person.

Question 54

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Community Service

Question 55

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Continuum of sanctions

Question 56

The most important issue concerning the use of intermediate sanctions has to do with sentencing philosophy and .

A) funding
B) creation
C) design
D) practice

Question 57

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Intensive supervision probation

Question 58

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Boot camp

Question 59

Community service is __________ for an injury to society by performance of service.

Question 60

a. A range of correctional management strategies
b. Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
c. Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
d. Designed for young people
e. Compensation for loss
f. Penalty based on a person's income
g. Free labor as a penalty

h. Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
i. Potential loss to victim/system
j. Targets convicted people subject to incarceration
Stakes

Question 61

Describe in detail the rationale for nonprison-based penalties.

Question 62

One of the major shifts in the working environment of the new correctional professional is reduced individual discretion due to an increased emphasis in .

Question 63

A is a criminal penalty based on the amount of income a convicted person earns in a day's work.

Question 64

is a sum of money that the convicted individuals must pay to the victim or to a public fund.

Question 65

In your opinion, what can be done to address each of the significant issues facing the intermediate sanctions movement? Be sure to fully explain your answers.

Question 66

Putting a person behind bars costs between 25 and 50 times as much a year than it would if he or she were put on
__________.

Question 67

One of the problems with intermediate sanctions is that because of judicial expression, there is the possibility of
___________.

Question 68

Discuss one intermediate sanction as imposed by each of the following: the judiciary, probation departments, and correctional departments.

Question 69

is a form of sanction that requires compensation for financial, physical, or emotional loss caused by the crime.

Question 70

__________ refers to a sentence in which a person serves a term of incarceration at home.

Question 71

The most widely used techniques of surveillance and control are established elements of programs.

Question 72

is a type of sanction that requires the convicted person to provide a specified number of hours of free labor in some public service.

Question 73

What does prison offer crime victims?

Question 74

List and describe the main recurring issues that intermediate sanctions and community corrections will continue to face in the future.

Question 75

practice is an approach to develop supervision and services-based initiatives based on studies of
"what works" to reduce recidivism.

Question 76

List and explain the three justifications for intermediate sanctions.

Question 77

What are the three most significant problems facing the intermediate sanctions movement?

Question 78

Compared with other Western countries, the United States makes little use of as the sole punishment for crimes more serious than motor vehicle violations.

Question 79

In the United States __________ is the most common criminal sanction used.

Question 80

Discuss the extent to which crime victims are likely to be satisfied with prison as justice. What types of need might a crime victim have and what types of intermediate sanctions might meet these needs?