Deck 3: The History of Corrections in America

Question 1

The Auburn system focused on a congregate system of operations.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The positivist school looked to free will and rational thought as the reason for crime.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Progressives thought it necessary to know the life history of each person who committed a crime in order to devise an appropriate treatment plan for that specific individual.
a. True
b. False

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The Cincinnati Declaration of Principles advocated a philosophy of reformation followed by release.

Question 5

The Pennsylvania system of corrections was based on Quaker ideas.

Question 6

Many ideas that arose from the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by .

A) human nature
B) forces in the environment
C) biology
D) sin

Question 7

The original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the person who had committed a crime to move from sin toward perfection.

Question 8

The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several different locations; which one became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement?

A) Potomac, Maryland
B) Auburn, New York
C) Trenton, New Jersey
D) Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania

Question 9

Americans followed the European practice of relying on brutal forms of corporal punishment until the early 1900s.
a. True
b. False

Question 10

Corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as the crime control model.

Question 11

Before the American Revolution, correctional philosophy was based on the idea of perfectibility.

Question 12

The infamous Attica prison riot that took place in September 1971 at New York State's Attica Correctional Facility aided and inspired the move toward a community corrections model.

Question 13

The Pennsylvania system focused on the isolation of convicted individuals and on serving penance.

Question 14

Convict labor for profit became an essential part of the Pennsylvania penitentiary system throughout the early 1800s.

Question 15

Incarceration, in the tradition of the early English workhouse, developed in the immediate aftermath of the American
Revolutionary War.
a. True
b. False

Question 16

English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.

Question 17

The American penitentiary was first conceptualized by .

A) Quakers
B) reformers
C) progressives
D) labor advocates

Question 18

Attempts to implement the ideas of the medical model of corrections in the United States were first made in the
1930s.
a. True
b. False

Question 19

The ideas of classification, parole, and rehabilitative programs were first created and put into practice at the Elmira
Reformatory for boys.

Question 20

In New England, the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles?

A) Legalistic
B) Religious
C) Socialist
D) Capitalist

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the major reforms created and successfully implemented by the Progressives?

A) Probation
B) Determinate sentencing
C) Parole
D) Indeterminate sentencing

Question 22

During the Progressive Reform era, two main correctional strategies were implemented, which were improving conditions in social environments and .

A) feeding incarcerated people a more nutritious diet
B) ensuring incarcerated people were not in solitude
C) reintegrating incarcerated people into society
D) rehabilitating people who had committed crimes

Question 23

Eastern State Penitentiary was designed by .

A) John Howard
B) John Haviland
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Cesare Lombroso

Question 24

Separate confinement was first implemented in .

A) Eastern State Penitentiary
B) Western State Penitentiary
C) Auburn Penitentiary
D) Walnut Street Jail

Question 25

The approach to criminology is based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors, and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.

A) Classical School
B) Positivist School
C) Progressive School
D) Neoclassical School

Question 26

The , an institution for young people who committed crimes, emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.

A) penitentiary
B) jail
C) juvenile detention center
D) reformatory

Question 27

The penitentiary was to be a place where .

A) people who committed a crime were isolated from bad influences in society
B) people who committed a crime were isolated from one another
C) people who committed a crime could reflect on their misdeeds
D) All of these are correct

Question 28

By the mid-1800s, reformers became disillusioned with the since rehabilitation or deterrence was not being realized.

A) parole system
B) contract-lease system
C) penitentiary
D) mark system

Question 29

The first institution to embody the principles of the Cincinnati Prison Congress was .

A) Sing Sing Prison
B) Auburn State Penitentiary
C) Elmira Reformatory
D) Cincinnati City Prison

Question 30

During the colonial period, most Americans lived under laws and practices transferred from and adapted to local conditions.

A) Italy
B) England
C) Germany
D) France

Question 31

In 1927, Howard Gill tried to implement the medical model by designing Norfolk State Prison Colony in the style of a .

A) hospital
B) labor camp
C) college campus
D) work release program

Question 32

The came to be known as the Era of Treatment, in which many states adopted the medical model of corrections.

A) 1920s
B) 1930s
C) 1940s
D) 1950s

Question 33

The "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the .

A) Walnut Street Jail
B) Sing Penitentiary
C) Eastern Penitentiary
D) Auburn Penitentiary

Question 34

The was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each prison resident was held in isolation from other prison residents.

A) congregate system
B) assembly system
C) separate confinement system
D) segregated confinement system

Question 35

The Pennsylvania system began with a penitentiary system based on .

A) separate confinement
B) communal living
C) discipline and obedience
D) labor for profit

Question 36

The leasing of prison residents to private entrepreneurs first took hold in the .

A) North
B) West
C) South
D) East

Question 37

In regard to the convict lease system, incarcerated people were .

A) used only for prison maintenance
B) used for nonprofit labor purposes
C) used for labor for profit by private interests
D) confined to work in their cells performing meaningless tasks

Question 38

The refers to an institution intended to isolate incarcerated people from society and each other so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation.

A) panopticon
B) jail
C) reformatory
D) penitentiary

Question 39

has been credited with creating the mark system of graduated confinement in England, which called for an incarcerated individual to obtain marks toward early release.

A) John Howard
B) Sir Walter Crofton
C) Jeremy Bentham
D) Alexander Maconochie

Question 40

The opening of both Western (1825) and Eastern State (1829) Penitentiaries in Pennsylvania marked the full implementation of the system of corrections.

A) the congregate
B) incarcerated people labor
C) separate confinement
D) contract-lease

Question 41

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Mark system

Question 42

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Community corrections

Question 43

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Contract labor system

Question 44

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Medical model

Question 45

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Reformatory

Question 46

is an alternative to incarceration, which allows convicted people to be treated in the community under supervised conditions.

A) Parole
B) Probation
C) Contract-lease
D) Determinate sentencing

Question 47

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Positivist school

Question 48

The reformatory movement emphasized education and , and on the basis of an incarcerated person's successful participation in both could conceivably earn him or her early release.

A) training
B) religion
C) treatment
D) penance

Question 49

The model of corrections emphasizes a punitive approach to corrections, including strict sentencing requirements.

A) due process
B) crime control
C) medical
D) reformatory

Question 50

According to community-based corrections, the goal of the criminal justice system is to .

A) punish the convicted individual
B) reintegrate the convicted individual
C) focus on the victim
D) achieve justice

Question 51

The first two decades of the 1900s, referred to as the , set the dominant tone for U.S. social thought and political action through the 1960s.

Question 52

The were a group that looked to the social, economic, biological, and psychological rather than religious or moral explanations for the causes of crime.

Question 53

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Lease system

Question 54

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Congregate system

Question 55

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Crime control model

Question 56

Although the idea of had been developed in Australia and Ireland in the 1850s and instituted at the Elmira Reformatory in 1876, not until the mid-1920s did this practice become readily accepted and implemented throughout the United States.

A) work-release
B) probation
C) parole
D) determinate sentencing

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
An institution intended to isolate people who have committed a crime from society and one another so that they can reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation is called a .

Question 58

Beginning in the 1930s, reformers put forward the model of corrections, which viewed criminal behavior as caused by psychological or biological deficiencies.

A) medical
B) due process
C) community
D) crime control

Question 59

Match each item to the phrase or sentence below.
a. Designed for young people who have committed crimes
b. Earned through behavior, education, and labor
c. Treatment is required for people who have committed crimes
d. Done by labor of incarcerated people
e. Contractors exchange food and clothing for convict labor
f. Reintegration is the goal
g. Developed in Auburn, NY
h. Incarceration and supervision control behavior
i. Isolates incarcerated people from society
j. Sociological, biological, and psychological causes of crime
Penitentiary

Question 60

was commissioned the first warden of the Auburn State Penitentiary in New York in 1821; he instituted a system that called for incarcerated people to adhere to strict discipline and to wear pinstripes and to walk in lockstep.

A) Zebulon Brockway
B) Elam Lynds
C) John Haviland
D) Sanford Bates

Question 61

A is an institution that is created for young people who have committed a crime that emphasizes education and training, a mark system of classification, parole, and indeterminate sentences.

Question 62

Discuss the historical development of parole and indeterminate sentencing.

Question 63

The congregate penitentiary system was more concerned with instilling good work habits to prevent a relapse into crime than with the character of a person who had committed a crime.

Question 64

Immediately following the Civil War, the system of corrections permitted imprisoned people to be loaned to private contractors who provided them with food and clothing in exchange for their labor.

Question 65

In 1682, with the arrival of William Penn, Pennsylvania adopted the " ," which was based on humane
Quaker principles and emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes.

Question 66

After the Civil War, southern legislatures passed the , harsh laws designed to control newly freed
African Americans.

Question 67

Progressives wanted to know the of a person who had committed a crime so that they could devise an individualized treatment program.

Question 68

Are any of the concepts of the Pennsylvania or New York systems of corrections still used in prisons today? If so, how, and if not, why not?

Question 69

Although conceptualized by early English reformers, the penitentiary first appeared in the United States in the city of
, when part of the Walnut Street Jail was converted to allow for separate confinement.

Question 70

In 1929, Congress authorized the new Federal Bureau of Prisons to develop institutions that were well suited to the
of incarcerated people.

Question 71

Progressives implemented probation, , and parole throughout the United States.

Question 72

The medical model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require .

Question 73

The opening of Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development and implementation of the
_______________ system.

Question 74

Identify the central ideas that guided the Progressive prison reforms. What did the Progressives see as errors in corrections methods of the past, and how did they intend to correct them?

Question 75

The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to a model of corrections.

Question 76

Discuss the importance that the state of Pennsylvania played within the correctional system.

Question 77

The penitentiary system of incarceration called for people who had committed crimes to be held in isolation at night but to work with other incarcerated people during the day under a rule of silence.

Question 78

Compare and contrast the penitentiary philosophies that guided the Pennsylvania system of separate confinement and the New York congregate system. What assumptions underlay the different systems?

Question 79

The nature and practices of corrections relate to environment. What kinds of conditions were prevalent in the South after the Civil War, and how did this landscape affect corrections?

Question 80

The 1980s in corrections centered on crime control through and risk containment.