Deck 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice

Question 1

The term Bridewell House came to be used for some specific versions of the English house of correction.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

On the eve of reform, economic and social factors, particularly concerning labor, began to reshape the nature of penal sanctions in England.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Forced rowing of large ships or galleys is called benefit of clergy.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense is called .

A) lex talionis
B) secular law
C) church law
D) wergild

Question 5

Two panopticon-type prisons were constructed in the United Kingdom.

Question 6

In Brixton Prison, women were not compelled to work under rules of silence during major portions of the day.

Question 7

One example of corporal punishment is .

A) forgiveness
B) whipping
C) imprisonment
D) religious education

Question 8

Until the late Middle Ages, prisons were used primarily to detain people awaiting trial.

Question 9

A hulk is an abandoned ship that the English converted to hold convicted people during a period of prison overcrowding between 1776 and 1790.

Question 10

The founder of the classical school of criminology is Cesare Beccaria, who applied the rationalist philosophy of the
Enlightenment to the criminal justice system.

Question 11

Panopticons were constructed in England but not in France and Ireland.

Question 12

The purpose of punishment is crime deterrence, not social revenge.

Question 13

From 1718 to 1776, an estimated 52,200 English men and women were shipped to the American colonies as punishment for criminal activities.

Question 14

By the year 1200, a system of wergild, or payment of money as compensation, had developed in England as a way for the king to collect additional resources from the citizens.

Question 15

The law which is distinguished from church law is called .

A) law of retaliation
B) lex talionis
C) wergild
D) secular law

Question 16

Jeremy Bentham argued that effective punishments prevent in the future.

A) premeditated behavior
B) positive behavior
C) similar behavior
D) coerced behavior

Question 17

People who were transported to Botany Bay in Australia as punishment were kept in cages for most of the months- long journey.

Question 18

Beccaria set forth six principles on which his reforms were based.

Question 19

Corrections philosophies reflect the vision and concerns of the community at large.

Question 20

The prevention of crime is more important than punishment for crimes.

Question 21

Wergild developed as a .

A) barter system
B) method for the king to bring his subjects directly under his rule
C) method of treating private wrongs as public crimes
D) system of compensation for private wrongs committed against another

Question 22

What is the practice of forcing men to row ships called?

A) Wergild
B) Galley slavery
C) Imprisonment
D) Hanging

Question 23

The founder of the classical school of criminology was .

A) Cesare Beccaria
B) John Howard
C) Cesare Lombroso
D) Jeremy Bentham

Question 24

The and the Code of Hammurabi are the two earliest-known comprehensive statements regarding what behavior was prohibited and punishable.

A) Sumerian Law of Mesopotamia
B) Draconian Code
C) law of the Twelve Tables
D) system of Wergild

Question 25

The term wergild refers to which of the following?

A) Structured rehabilitation for people who have committed a crime
B) An amount of money paid to the victims of a crime or to their relatives
C) Educational programs to prevent repeat incarceration
D) Vocational programs to train people who have committed a crime in new skills

Question 26

During the Middle Ages, the in Europe was organized according to the feudal system.

A) secular law
B) man money
C) galley slavery
D) lex talionis

Question 27

Name the 18th-century scholar who applied the rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment to the criminal justice system.

A) Cesare Beccaria
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) John Howard
D) Henry VIII

Question 28

The Penitentiary Act was based upon core principles under which incarcerated people were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms and _________.

A) were housed in secure and sanitary conditions.
B) were subjected to nonsystematic inspections.
C) earned income for their labor.
D) received corporal punishment for noncompliance.

Question 29

and death have been used throughout history; the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries in Great Britain and Europe were particularly brutal.

A) Imprisonment
B) Corporal punishment
C) Benefit of clergy
D) Galley slavery

Question 30

Jeremy Bentham's classic prison design known as the called for a circular building with a glass roof and cells on each story and around the circumference of the penitentiary so that the convicted people could be viewed at all times to ensure they were abiding by prison rules.

A) Trivium
B) Octagon
C) Panopticon
D) Hexagon

Question 31

The Enlightenment proposed which of the following ideas for correctional reform?

A) A rewriting of penal codes to increase the severity of criminal sanctions
B) A greater belief in the application of pain as a specific and general deterrent
C) The invention of the penitentiary, where incarcerated people could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world
D) An increase in the number of criminal laws and, as a result, a growth in the numbers and types of incarcerated people

Question 32

Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?

A) Criminal punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense.
B) "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth" is legal punishment.
C) Vengeance is a private affair, and the duty of the victim or victim's family to carry out, not a public matter.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 33

How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?

A) People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
B) During this period, the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment.
C) The social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations on the government and the need to enact a system of punishments that would deter people from crime.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 34

The period known as the Enlightenment had what effect(s) on society?

A) It brought a reaction against feudal society and the monopoly of religion.
B) It stressed the notion of equality for all citizens.
C) It was largely influenced by the growth of scientific thinking.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 35

Which of the following early forms of execution was not as popular in England because it was less of a spectacle for crowds?

A) Flaying alive
B) Burning internally
C) Breaking on the wheel
D) The iron maiden

Question 36

For the purpose of deterrence of future criminal acts, which principle(s) did Cesare Beccaria believe were most valuable for carrying out a punishment?

A) Severity
B) Swiftness
C) Certainty
D) Both swiftness and certainty

Question 37

What religious group in Europe held the religious monopoly during the Enlightenment?

A) Islam
B) Catholic Church
C) Judaism
D) None of these are correct

Question 38

Which time period is known as the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason?

A) 1700s
B) 1600s
C) 1800s
D) 1900s

Question 39

was a leader of correctional reform in England and the developer of a utilitarian approach to crime and punishment.

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) John Howard
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Sir Walter Crofton

Question 40

Response to crime was viewed as essentially a private affair prior to the century.

A) 13th
B) 17th
C) 16th
D) 19th

Question 41

---___________ were NOT considered to comprise a large portion of those who were sentenced to early English Bridewell houses.

A) Orphans
B) The poor
C) Prostitutes
D) Serial murderers

Question 42

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Utilitarianism

Question 43

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Enlightenment

Question 44

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Corporal punishment

Question 45

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Hulk

Question 46

Benefit of clergy was extended to .

A) all men deemed worthy by the kind
B) all wealthy aristocrats of the realm
C) monks and nuns only
D) all literate persons

Question 47

Which of the following was NOT a medieval form of capital punishment?

A) Being flayed alive
B) Being broken on the wheel
C) Being subjected to the rack
D) Being fed to lions

Question 48

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Classical criminology

Question 49

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Galley slavery

Question 50

The emphasis of the on the importance of hard work and on the sinfulness of sloth sparked European reformers to urge that some means be used to provide work for the idle poor.

A) Jewish Restoration
B) Protestant Reformation
C) Catholic Crusades
D) Spanish Inquisition

Question 51

The was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.

A) wergild
B) workhouse
C) penitentiary
D) bridewell

Question 52

were abandoned ships that the English converted to hold convicts during a period of prison crowding between 1776 and 1790.

A) Hulks
B) Galleys
C) Cells
D) Workships

Question 53

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Lex talionis

Question 54

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
House of corrections

Question 55

A house of was a detention facility that combined the major elements of the workhouse, poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining the incarcerated individuals and setting them to work.

A) solitude
B) correction
C) penance
D) redemption

Question 56

Scholars point to the __________ as the first comprehensive statement of prohibited behaviors and the punishments for each.

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Benefit of clergy

Question 58

was an English prison reformer whose research and writing led to the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by the House of Commons.

A) Franklin Shepard
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Michael Rourke
D) John Howard

Question 59

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Punishment to a body inflicting pain
b. Law of civil society
c. Forced rowing
d. Detention facility
e. Pleasure over pain
f. The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
g. Retaliation
h. Age of Reason
i. A form of banishment
j. Free will and severe punishment
Secular law

Question 60

The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as .

A) natural law
B) lex talionis
C) secular law
D) benefit of clergy

Question 61

The school of criminology views behavior as stemming from free will.

Question 62

People of a crime have a right to speedy trials and to humane treatment before trial.

Question 63

Because punishment was considered a powerful general __________, authorities from the 16th to the 18th centuries in Europe carried out sanctions in the market square for all to see.

Question 64

The term , used to describe a house of correction, was first used during the 16th century in England.

Question 65

The forced rowing of large ships as a form of early punishment was known as .

Question 66

The period known as the was a cultural movement in England and France during the
1700s, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.

Question 67

Secular law is often referred to as the law of society.

Question 68

In your own opinion, should the United States look to incorporate punishments that it once used, but later outlawed to due to the cruel and harmful nature of such acts (e.g., corporal punishment, transportation)? Be sure to fully explain and defend your answer.

Question 69

Briefly summarize the social, political, and scientific ideas advocated during the Enlightenment and the lasting effect they had on correctional thinking and practices.

Question 70

Describe the social movements leading up to the establishment of the first houses of correction. How did these changes lead the development of the prison system?

Question 71

Suppose you are a feudal landowner in the Middle Ages, and one of your tenants has been found guilty of stealing from you. What rights would you have in determining the tenant's punishment, and what rights would the tenant have? How would the situation differ if the tenant were another feudal lord like yourself?

Question 72

Eventually all people in the Middle Ages could claim benefit of clergy, protection from secular prosecution by the church.

Question 73

The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest balance of pleasure over pain and that a punishment inflicted on an individual who committed a crime must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain is called .

Question 74

___________________ refers to the practice of moving individuals convicted of crimes from the community to another region or land, often a penal colony.

Question 75

Money paid to relatives of a murdered person or to the victim of a crime to compensate them and to prevent a blood feud is called .

Question 76

Imagine you are a laborer in 16th-century London with a family of four to support, and you find yourself with debts that you cannot pay. What consequences might you expect from the law? How would the situation differ if you faced the same situation in the 18th century?

Question 77

According to scholars, the Enlightenment was a reaction against feudal and __________ traditions.

Question 78

Who was John Howard and what significance did he have in regard to correctional reform? Be sure to list and explain his major accomplishments.

Question 79

Two panopticon-style prisons were eventually constructed in the states of and .

Question 80

refers to punishment inflicted on the convicted person's body with whips or other devices that cause pain.