Deck 1: The Corrections System

Question 1

Conservatives and liberals tend to share the same ideas about how to deal with crime.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The federal government operates the correctional organizations to handle the people convicted of breaking federal laws; likewise, state and local governments provide corrections for the people who have broken state and local laws.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that have increased the severity of sentences.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which of the following are not street-level bureaucrats?

A) Home minister
B) Teachers
C) Public lawyers
D) Police officers

Question 5

At all political levels, corrections is only one of many services operated by the government and paid for by tax revenues. Thus, corrections must vie with other government programs for .

A) correctional uncertainty
B) funding
C) goal conflict
D) None of these are correct

Question 6

The corrections system consists of subunits that vary in their functions and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons.

Question 7

The central purpose of corrections is to rehabilitate the offender.

Question 8

From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as one means of social control.

Question 9

Corrections has a nonreciprocal relationship with its environment (i.e., society).

Question 10

The postconviction process determines the guilt of a person charged with a criminal offense.

Question 11

What level of government is most often responsible for correctional programs for those convicted of minor crimes?

A) Central government
B) State governments
C) Local governments
D) None of these are correct

Question 12

The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education.

Question 13

The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.

Question 14

Since about 1970, conservative, "get-tough" crime control policies have most influenced corrections.

Question 15

The number of people in local jails has dropped about 1 percent each year since 2007.

Question 16

Most of the correctional sentences carried out in the United States happen at the state and local level.

Question 17

One of the "Big 4" states in corrections is California.

Question 18

When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percentage of all adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control?

A) More than 8 percent
B) Nearly 3 percent
C) Less than 1 percent
D) Roughly 12 percent

Question 19

Right on Crime and Smart on Crime are the two groups that think that most people who are convicted of nonviolent crimes need end up in prison.

Question 20

The term staff in the correction system refers to the probation officers.

Question 21

The effectiveness of correctional strategies is .

A) temporary
B) uncertain
C) unlikely
D) predictable

Question 22

Organizations develop to keep operating with inmates having regular and predictable responses to the staff.

A) routines
B) policies
C) procedures
D) All of these are correct.

Question 23

In which year did the U.S. government announce that for the first time in more than 30 years, the corrections system, including prisons, held fewer people than the year before?

A) 2015
B) 2010
C) 2008
D) 2007

Question 24

is an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of crimes, usually felonies.

A) Social control
B) Jail
C) Halfway housing
D) Prison

Question 25

A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items whose operations are directed toward common goals and influenced by the environment is known as a(n) _____________.

A) organization
B) system
C) corrections
D) social control

Question 26

Factors of Western criminal law are all of the following EXCEPT _____________.

A) aggression
B) punishment
C) offense
D) guilt

Question 27

In which part of the correctional system's work does correctional staff not have a regular part?

A) Goods
B) Clients
C) New technologies
D) Exchange relationships

Question 28

According to the authors, corrections has a(n) relationship with its environment.

A) reciprocal
B) inverse
C) oppositional
D) purposeful

Question 29

Which of the following countries now has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

A) The United States
B) Russia
C) South Africa
D) Japan

Question 30

Correctional systems learn, grow, and improve according to what?

A) Policies
B) Procedures
C) Feedback
D) Laws

Question 31

A common concern shared by both liberal and conservative politicians is that .

A) probation efforts must increase
B) crime rates have increased, thus more prisons are needed
C) punishment does not work
D) the cost of corrections is out of line

Question 32

The individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses are sent to the variety of programs and organizations responsible for managing them. All these activities are part of _____________.

A) social control
B) corrections
C) community laws
D) None of these are correct

Question 33

African Americans are times more likely to be in prison than whites.

A) twelve
B) seven
C) five
D) eight

Question 34

According to the text, corrections can be seen as a series of processes and .

A) agencies
B) relationships
C) decisions
D) partnerships

Question 35

Approximately of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole.

A) one-fifth
B) one-half
C) one-third
D) two-thirds

Question 36

Like all other government services, corrections is constantly confronted by frequently shifting forces that further complicate administration.

A) political and technological
B) financial and social
C) psychological and political
D) social and political

Question 37

Which important sociological scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, and actually help to define norms and expectations for conformity?

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) Travis Hirshchi
D) Cesare Lombroso

Question 38

Who defines the enforcement of the criminal laws in the United States?

A) Congress or the state legislatures
B) Judicial decisions
C) Civil rights laws
D) All of these are correct

Question 39

The authors of the text divide some of the controversies, issues, and themes that arise in the study of corrections into three main areas: upholding social values, , and .

A) managing the correctional organization; portraying a strong public image
B) working with clients; interpreting U.S. Supreme Court rulings
C) managing the correctional organization; working with offenders
D) portraying a strong public image; interpreting U.S. Supreme Court rulings

Question 40

Who argued that crime is normal and that punishment performs the important role in spotlighting social rules and values?

A) Georges Balandier
B) Mark Abrams
C) Michel Callon
D) Emile Durkheim

Question 41

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the key issues facing corrections today?

A) Obtaining funding
B) Correctional uncertainty
C) Goal conflict
D) Carrying out punishments

Question 42

During which periods did the number of people imprisoned increase?

A) When crime went up
B) In good economic times
C) When the crime declined
D) All of these are correct

Question 43

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Exchange

Question 44

Corrections is a means of social .

A) balance
B) engineering
C) enslavement
D) control

Question 45

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Prison

Question 46

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Technology

Question 47

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Punishment

Question 48

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Corrections

Question 49

Most correctional offenders today are housed in which types of facilities?

A) Federal prisons
B) State prisons
C) Private prisons
D) County jails

Question 50

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Street-level bureaucrats

Question 51

The phrase "under some form of correctional supervision" refers to three forms of control: , , and ________.

Question 52

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
System

Question 53

An institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies, is called .

Question 54

A(n) is a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and influenced by the environment in which they function.

A) structure
B) system
C) monopoly
D) enterprise

Question 55

A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and individual state governments is known as .

Question 56

In 1973, the prison incarceration rate was _____________.

A) 480 per 100,000 Americans
B) 96 per 100,000 Americans
C) 500 per 100,000 Americans
D) 100 per 100,000 Americans

Question 57

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Social control

Question 58

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Jails

Question 59

is a system of government in which power and responsibility are divided between a national government and state governments.

A) Socialism
B) Monarchy
C) Federalism
D) Oligarchy

Question 60

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power shared between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i. Conforms to the rules of society
j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
Federalism

Question 61

Corrections has always struggled with conflicting goals. Identify several corrections goals and explain how they conflict with one another. How can this conflict be minimized? Is it possible that this goal conflict may actually be good for corrections?

Question 62

How does our system of federalism benefit the corrections system? In what ways does it hinder it?

Question 63

Public service workers who interact directly with citizens are known as .

Question 64

determine the objectives of the criminal law system.

Question 65

A more-liberal coalition of 40 organizations has released a report called .

Question 66

Define and discuss what is meant by a system and how our correctional "system" meets this definition.

Question 67

Define and discuss what is meant by the "great experiment" in social control. What, if anything, have we learned from this "great experiment"?

Question 68

in one part of the corrections system affect, in both large and small changes, the rest of the system.

Question 69

The term usually refers to any action applied to offenders after they have been convicted of a crime, and implies that action is meant to change offenders according to society's requirements.

Question 70

Explain how the corrections system today differs from that of the corrections system of twenty years ago. What has changed? Has it changed for the better or worse?

Question 71

A conservative coalition led by former congressman Newt Gingrich recently produced a series of recommendations about criminal justice reform called .

Question 72

Define federalism and discuss how it impacts the various correctional systems throughout our nation.

Question 73

Discuss the concept of social control and how it has affected the correctional system as a whole.

Question 74

Exchange is a key facet of corrections in the degree of between the staff and the people they deal with.

Question 75

Twenty-five years ago, the "three P's"-probation, prisons, and parole-dominated correctional practice. Today all kinds of activities come under the heading of corrections. Identify at least three other practices or programs that are considered part of corrections. Discuss how their existence has fostered the growth of corrections.

Question 76

The states of and have the largest prison populations in the United States.

Question 77

The twin goals of corrections are and .

Question 78

Define what is meant by the term "exchange." Present some examples of "exchanges" in your daily life. Why is
"exchange" an important concern for correctional officers and inmates?

Question 79

is a system of the government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and state governments.

Question 80

is central to corrections.