Deck 9: Eyewitness and Scientific Identifications

Question 1

Due process stems from the ______ and Fourteenth Amendments.

A)Second
B)Fourth
C)Fifth
D)Sixth

Answer 1

C

Question 2

There is no right to attorney for ______.

A)confrontational identifications
B)showups
C)lineups
D)photographic identifications

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When attempting to determine the identity of the criminal, police may present a single suspect to a victim or witness.This type of identification procedure is known as a/an ______.

A)lineup
B)showup
C)scientific identification
D)identification scheme

Answer 3

B

Question 4

______ is our personal story of what happened.

A)Perception
B)Accusation
C)Memory
D)Identification

Question 5

All of the following are forms of eyewitness identification except ______.

A)lineups
B)photographic identification
C)drive-bys
D)showups

Question 6

Which of the following Amendments provides defendants with the assistance of counsel?

A)Fourth
B)Fifth
C)Sixth
D)Fourteenth

Question 7

Of the factors of misidentification identified by psychologists, the fact that many people are unable to accurately identify distinguishing characteristics of someone of a different race falls into which category?

A)crime factors
B)offender factors
C)offense factors
D)victim factors

Question 8

People innocent of a particular offense who are recruited by the police to participate in the lineup are referred to as all of the following except ______.

A)fillers
B)distractors
C)decoys
D)foils

Question 9

Of the factors of misidentification identified by psychologists, the fact that victim perception is limited due to the relative speed of a crime falls into which category?

A)crime factors
B)offender factors
C)offense factors
D)victim factors

Question 10

Using hair analysis to identify a perpetrator of a crime is an example of ______.

A)scientific identification
B)showup
C)lineup
D)photographic identification

Question 11

Which of the following refers to observing the crime?

A)perception
B)accusation
C)memory
D)identification

Question 12

Scientific identification techniques are useful for eliminating innocent suspects, also known as ______.

A)castigation
B)exoneration
C)incrimination
D)indemnification

Question 13

The ______ Amendment protects individuals against being required to disclose information or what is termed testimonial evidence.

A)Fourth
B)Fifth
C)Sixth
D)Fourteenth

Question 14

Unintentionally or intentionally influencing a witness's identification via body language or tone of voice is referred to as ______.

A)selection
B)closure
C)suggestiveness
D)shoehorning

Question 15

When victims or eyewitnesses view a group of individuals and are then asked to identify the perpetrator, they are using which form of identification?

A)lineup
B)showup
C)scientific identification
D)photographic identification

Question 16

Asking the question "did any of these individuals commit the crime?" is a part of the ______ eyewitness identification.

A)showup
B)photographic identification
C)lineup
D)scientific identification

Question 17

Which of the following is the primary cause of false convictions?

A)blood-type tests from 1982 and earlier
B)eyewitness misidentification
C)jury racial bias
D)faulty DNA tests

Question 18

The act of a victim comparing one person to another in a lineup, then pointing to one person in the lineup who most closely resembles the offender, whether the person actually is the offender is not, is known as which type of threat to accuracy identification?

A)closure
B)selection
C)shoehorning
D)suggestiveness

Question 19

Of the factors of misidentification identified by psychologists, the fact that a victim may be too nervous to focus sufficiently on an offender to accurately remember the offender's distinguishing characteristics falls into which category?

A)crime factors
B)offender factors
C)offense factors
D)victim factors

Question 20

The three stages of eyewitness identification include all of the following except ______.

A)memory
B)identification
C)accusation
D)perception

Question 21

A lawyer's role is to ______.

A)make suggestive comments to the victim
B)observe the lineup and take note of how the police conduct the lineup
C)ensure that the victim feels safe at all times
D)ensure that the suspect is properly identified in the lineup

Question 22

A suspect has a right to a lawyer during ______.

A)all postindictment lineups and confrontations
B)all postindictment lineups but not confrontations
C)all postindictment confrontations but not lineups
D)any postindictment lineup or confrontation at which the victim is present

Question 23

The U.S.Supreme Court has held that the right to counsel applies to which of the following?

A)a preindictment corporeal identification lineup
B)a postindictment corporeal identification lineup
C)a preindictment noncorporeal identification lineup
D)a postindictment noncorporeal identification lineup

Question 24

The method of eyewitness identification in which the administrator is not told who the suspect is in the lineup is known as a/an ______.

A)blind administration
B)double-blind administration
C)controlled administration
D)experimental administration

Question 25

Who is responsible for demonstrating that the identification is reliable?

A)defendant
B)judge
C)prosecutor
D)arresting officer

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a common practice in a suggestive lineup?

A)The individuals in the lineup are asked to try on items of clothing that fit all of the people in the lineup.
B)The individuals in the lineup are asked to try on an item of clothing that fits only the suspect.
C)The police do not change their tone of voice or body language when the lineup takes place.
D)The people in the lineup are all strangers to the victim.

Question 27

All of the following are factors used by a judge to determine the reliability of a photographic identification except ______.

A)the opportunity of the identifier to view the offender during the crime itself
B)the accuracy of the description of the suspect after the crime occurred
C)how certain the identifier is of his or her identification
D)the identifiers' emotional state after the crime occurred

Question 28

The Frye test is used to determine ______.

A)how well a scientific technique meshes with the defendant's rights
B)whether a scientific technique has been carried out by a sufficiently trained individual
C)whether a scientific technique is explained clearly enough to a jury
D)whether a scientific technique is sufficiently established and accepted

Question 29

By what level of proof must the defense show that a photographic identification was suggestive?

A)beyond a reasonable doubt
B)by a preponderance of the evidence
C)probable cause
D)reasonable suspicion

Question 30

At which point in the criminal process does the right to counsel during a lineup attach?

A)at any stage in the criminal process
B)once police have focused on one suspect
C)once charges have been filed
D)at any stage, so long as the victim is present at the lineup

Question 31

The due process test applies to ______.

A)all lineups, both corporeal and noncorporeal, pre- and postindictment
B)all corporeal lineups, both pre- and postindictment
C)all postindictment lineups, both corporeal and noncorporeal
D)all noncorporeal lineups, both pre- and postindictment

Question 32

The method of eyewitness identification in which neither the administrator nor the eyewitness is aware of the identity of the suspect is known as a/an ______.

A)blind administration
B)double-blind administration
C)controlled administration
D)experimental administration

Question 33

The ability to focus on the offender's appearance is a factor that is used to determine the reliability of identification and it is often referred to as ______.

A)perception
B)certainty
C)concentration
D)accuracy

Question 34

The act of a victim becoming tired and identifying a person as the offender in order to move on with life, whether that person actually is the offender is not, is known as which type of threat to accuracy identification?

A)closure
B)selection
C)shoehorning
D)suggestiveness

Question 35

Which of the following cases adopted far-reaching reforms to ensure the reliability of eyewitness identification?

A)Perry v.New Hampshire
B)State v.Clopten
C)Frye v.United States
D)State v.Henderson

Question 36

If there is irreparable misidentification when identifying a defendant, then the identification is referred to as ______.

A)admissible
B)inadmissible
C)accurate
D)inaccurate

Question 37

If the right to counsel is denied during a lineup, under which circumstances will an in-court eyewitness identification be allowed?

A)only if the state is able to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the in-court identification is not the product of the earlier identification
B)only if the state is able to provide clear and convincing evidence that the in-court identification is not the product of the earlier identification
C)only if the state is able to reasonably prove that the in-court identification is not the product of the earlier identification
D)never

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of a system variable?

A)race
B)how the lineup was conducted
C)distance
D)time of day

Question 39

The Wade-Gilbert rule provides all of the following except ______.

A)right to a lawyer
B)lineup results at trial
C)in-court identification
D)swift punishment

Question 40

All of the following were identified as goals established by the suggested identification process by the U.S.Justice Department and the American Bar Association except ______.

A)eliminating the possibility of police unintentionally influencing the eyewitness
B)limiting the pressure on the victim to select one of the people in a lineup as the offender
C)increasing the accuracy of eyewitness identifications
D)minimizing the possibility of one eyewitness influencing another eyewitness

Question 41

DNA is unique to all individuals except ______.

A)siblings of the same sex
B)mothers and daughters
C)doppelgängers
D)identical twins

Question 42

The first exoneration in the United States took place in ______.

A)1956
B)1971
C)1989
D)1993

Question 43

The results from a polygraph tests are admissible in ______.

A)nearly every state
B)about half of the states
C)one state
D)none of the states

Question 44

Of the three stages of eyewitness identification, remembering what happened is also known as perception.

Question 45

Perception refers to remembering the crime.

Question 46

The right to counsel during the criminal process stems from the Fourth Amendment.

Question 47

There is no right to an attorney for photographic identifications.

Question 48

In a rape prosecution, the issue of whether there was consent rather than whether the defendant was the perpetrator is considered to be a DNA problem/issue of ______.

A)laboratory procedures
B)significance
C)contamination
D)relevancy

Question 49

In which of the following circumstances will polygraph results be admitted into evidence at trial in federal district courts?

A)only when they have been proven to be reasonably reliable
B)upon recommendation by a specialist
C)anytime it is necessary to establish guilt
D)only under special and limited circumstances

Question 50

What is the name of the method named after a Paris police officer, who worked to identify criminals by precise physical measurements and identification of unusual physical characteristics?

A)Bertillon method
B)Chiral method
C)Marsouin method
D)Peele method

Question 51

Memory is our personal story of what happened.

Question 52

DNA was first used in criminal cases in which decade?

A)1940s
B)1960s
C)1980s
D)1990s

Question 53

Identification does not involve threats to accuracy.

Question 54

An eyewitness identification method in which neither the administrator nor the eyewitness knows who the suspect is known as a blind administration.

Question 55

The Fifth Amendment protects individuals against being required to disclose information or what is termed testimonial evidence.

Question 56

The test of scientific technique in which judges are asked to study the research and expert views to reach their own conclusions as to whether a technique will be applicable and helpful is known as the ______ test.

A)Daubert
B)Frye
C)Mahone
D)Merrell

Question 57

One term for the nonsuspects in a lineup is "foils."

Question 58

The average length of time served by inmates who were exonerated is ______.

A)5 years
B)10 years
C)14 years
D)20 years

Question 59

Identification is an exact process.

Question 60

All of the following were identified as applications of DNA in the criminal process except ______.

A)detection
B)investigation
C)guilt or innocence
D)rehabilitation

Question 61

List the three main provisions established by the Wade-Gilbert rule.

Question 62

Identify and discuss the four forms of eyewitness identification.

Question 63

One common practice the court condemned in United States v.Wade was that of shining a slightly brighter light on the suspect than the other individuals in a lineup as a means of influencing the process.

Question 64

An example of a suggestive procedure in a lineup is when the police point out the suspected perpetrator to the victim prior to the lineup.

Question 65

The Frye test asks whether a scientific technique or approach is sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.

Question 66

Reliability is the central question in determining whether identification violates due process.Explain the six factors that are taken into consideration when making this determination.

Question 67

Why should polygraph evidence be admissible or inadmissible at trial?

Question 68

What is the role of a defense attorney in a lineup?

Question 69

Identify and discuss the three steps involved in identification.

Question 70

Discuss the functions that various types of identifications serve in the criminal investigative process.

Question 71

A lawyer's role is to observe the lineup and to take note of how the police conduct the lineup.

Question 72

Why are suspects not entitled to legal representation at the showup following their arrest?

Question 73

In order to educate jurors on the pitfalls of eyewitness identification, the courts have ruled to allow the defense to call expert witnesses to explain these concerns during a trial.

Question 74

The Wade-Gilbert rule provides a right to a lawyer, lineup results at trial, and in-court identification.

Question 75

Explain why the identification of a perpetrator involves such a high degree of error.How can we protect against this? Is the solution to do away with eyewitness identification?

Question 76

Identify and discuss the various applications of DNA in the criminal process.

Question 77

When neither the administrator of the identification process nor the eyewitness is aware of the identity of the suspect, the process is double-blind.

Question 78

The due process test applies only at the critical stages of the criminal justice process.

Question 79

A suspect is to be granted the right to counsel at any "critical stage" of the criminal process.

Question 80

Every individual (other than identical twins) has a distinct genetic code.