Deck 4: Stop and Frisk

Question 1

The U.S.Supreme Court justified the use of a stop and frisk by stating that requiring an officer to wait until he or she developed probable cause would ______.

A)be unreasonable
B)jeopardize the investigation
C)place society at risk of harm
D)allow the guilty to go free

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following cases raised the issue of whether "unprovoked flight" from the police constitutes reasonable suspicion to seize an individual?

A)United States v.Sharpe
B)Illinois v.Wardlow
C)United States v.Place
D)Kaupp v.Texas

Answer 2

B

Question 3

All of the following are used to determine whether reasonable suspicion existed to justify a Terry stop except ______.

A)officer experience
B)officer expertise
C)probabilities
D)probable cause

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When facts reasonably suggest that an individual has committed a crime or is about to commit a crime is it referred to as ______.

A)officer experience
B)probability
C)totality of the circumstances
D)articulable suspicion

Question 5

If someone claims to have seen and experienced being run off the road by a driver, it is referred to as a ______.

A)911 emergency
B)eyewitness account
C)contemporaneous account
D)anonymous tip

Question 6

Read the following scenario: A suspect had a history of drug possession, he resided in an area known for drug sales, and the police officer had previously arrested eight individuals for drug possession.Which of the following are factors that could, in combination, constitute reasonable suspicion?

A)criminal record
B)experience
C)location
D)time

Question 7

What is a hearsay report?

A)a report on what officers learn through eavesdropping and wiretapping
B)information that is obtained through an informant only
C)information that is obtained in a secondhand fashion as opposed to through direct observation
D)a report containing the suspect's statement prepared and filed by a police officer

Question 8

When determining the reasonableness of a Terry stop, the facts must be judged in accordance to what a reasonable person would have believed.This is known as ______.

A)the average, reasonable person rule (or TARP rule)
B)the reasonable officer rule
C)the subjective standard
D)the objective standard

Question 9

When determining what is the level of proof necessary for some action (e.g., probable cause, reasonable suspicion), which of the following are the two opposing factors that must be balanced against one another?

A)an officer's ability to prevent crime and the intrusion on citizen privacy
B)an officer's ability to prevent crime and the safety of nearby citizens
C)the severity of the offense in question and the intrusion on citizen privacy
D)the safety of nearby citizens and the intrusion on citizen privacy

Question 10

All of the following are considered a source of secondhand information except ______.

A)informants
B)eyewitnesses
C)officer observations
D)police bulletins

Question 11

By what standard do the courts determine whether reasonable suspicion existed to justify a Terry stop?

A)the extenuating circumstances test
B)the totality of the circumstances
C)eyewitness testimony
D)the judgment of the officer involved

Question 12

All of the following factors are considered in the determination of reasonable suspicion except ______.

A)the race of the individual in question
B)evading the police
C)acting nervous during an encounter with the police
D)a high-crime area

Question 13

Which of the following cases raised the question of whether police officers can rely on anonymous tips?

A)Adams v.Williams
B)Alabama v.White
C)Navarette v.California
D)Florida v.J.L.

Question 14

Police officers should rely on which of the following when determining reasonable suspicion?

A)facts
B)hunch
C)generalization
D)stereotypes

Question 15

Reliance on stop and frisk policies increased in the 1960s due to all of the following except ______.

A)Vietnam War
B)civil rights
C)protests over conditions on college campuses
D)increasing immigration

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a contemporaneous account?

A)The informant claimed to have witnessed and experienced being run off the road by the other driver.
B)The police spotted the vehicle 18 min following the 911 call, suggesting that the caller reported the incident soon after she was run off the road and that she was telling the truth.
C)The informant called in to report a theft but wanted to remain anonymous.
D)The police could not find the vehicle after the alleged incident and determined the caller was not telling the truth.

Question 17

In which of the following cases did the Court hold that Kentucky police were justified in stopping an individual based on a "wanted bulletin" issued by police in another state so long as the officers issuing the bulletin themselves possessed facts supporting a Terry stop?

A)United States v.Hensley
B)Florida v.J.L
C)Alabama v.White
D)Navarette v.California

Question 18

All of the following topics are usually discussed when reviewing the law of stop and frisk except ______.

A)reasonable suspicion
B)the scope and duration of a Terry stop
C)automobiles and Terry stops
D)gender and reasonable suspicion

Question 19

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court hold that the totality of the circumstances and the indicia of reliability were sufficient to provide the officer with reasonable suspicion to execute a traffic stop?

A)Adams v.Williams
B)Alabama v.White
C)Navarette v.California
D)Florida v.J.L

Question 20

The standard for investigate stops is ______.

A)beyond a reasonable doubt
B)probable cause
C)preponderance of the evidence
D)reasonable suspicion

Question 21

What are the three areas of inquiry one must consider in differentiating between a probable cause arrest and a reasonable suspicion stop?

A)subjective belief, duration, and intrusiveness
B)objective belief, movement, and intrusiveness
C)use of force, length of detention, and nature of relationship
D)movement, length of detention, and intrusiveness

Question 22

What level of proof is required for law enforcement officers to make an arrest?

A)beyond a reasonable doubt
B)probable cause
C)preponderance of the evidence
D)reasonable suspicion

Question 23

Stopping individuals because of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other characteristics is referred to as ______.

A)racial profiling
B)stop and frisk
C)reasonable suspicion
D)lawful policing

Question 24

When may race act as the sole factor for a Terry stop?

A)always
B)never
C)when the suspect is a juvenile
D)when the race of the suspect is the same as the officer's so as to not raise suspicion of discrimination

Question 25

In the United States v.Jones, the U.S.Supreme Court determined that ______.

A)race should not be the only reason for an individual to be stopped
B)an individual may not be stopped based on the fact that he or she "does not belong in a neighborhood"
C)race, ethnicity, or some other description may be considered as one of several factors in a profile
D)race may be considered as a factor in determining whether there is reasonable suspicion

Question 26

All of the following are critical considerations of the test established by the U.S.Supreme Court to determine the veracity of the information provided by an informant except ______.

A)severity of the crime being reported
B)reliability of the informant
C)basis of the informant's knowledge
D)police corroboration

Question 27

All of the following are points the U.S.Supreme Court has laid out regarding reliance on profiles except ______.

A)reasonable suspicion
B)probable cause
C)suspect's conduct
D)nonsuspicious conduct

Question 28

Which of the following court cases held that law enforcement officers in seizing and questioning Reid improperly relied on a drug courier profile?

A)United States v.Mendenhall
B)Reid v.Georgia
C)Florida v.Royer
D)United States v.Sokolow

Question 29

Reasonable suspicion must be based on the ______.

A)evidence of an individual's specific action or actions
B)the officer's intuition
C)demographics of the individual committing the crime
D)hearsay provided by informants

Question 30

Which of following U.S.Supreme Court cases noted that race or color alone is not a sufficient basis for making an investigatory stop?

A)United States v.Jones
B)State v.Barber
C)United States v.Weaver
D)United States v.Bautista

Question 31

Which of the following best lends credence to a tip provided by an anonymous informant?

A)the seriousness of the crime the informant is describing
B)the level of detail provided by the informant
C)the level of vulnerability of the victim(s)
D)whether the informant says the criminal in question is armed

Question 32

How far can a suspect be involuntarily moved during a Terry stop before it becomes an arrest?

A)only a few feet
B)less than 50 ft.
C)less than 250 ft.
D)less than 1 mile

Question 33

Which of the following examples would be considered an unacceptable detention for a Terry stop?

A)Officers make a suspect wait 20 min at an airport for a drug dog.
B)An officer makes three suspects wait for 10 min while he calls for backup.
C)A traffic officer makes a suspect wait 3 hr in his vehicle for a drug dog.
D)After refusing an X-ray, officers make a suspected drug mule wait 12 hr before he passes cocaine-filled balloons.

Question 34

Which of the following is one of the secondary characteristics of Markonni's drug profile?

A)purchasing airline tickets with small denominations of currency
B)displaying unusual nervousness
C)almost exclusively using public transportation, particularly taxicabs, in departing from the airport
D)having an unusual itinerary, such as a rapid turnaround time for a very lengthy airplane trip

Question 35

The first profiles were developed to detect and track ______.

A)drunk drivers
B)drug traffickers
C)child molesters
D)serial killers

Question 36

The key element that differentiates a Terry stop from an arrest is ______.

A)who can (and cannot) be stopped
B)the number of officers present
C)whether handcuffs are employed
D)the duration of the stop

Question 37

Which of the following cases presented the issue of the constitutionality of relying on race in making a reasonable suspicion stop?

A)United States v.Jones
B)State v.Barber
C)United States v.Weaver
D)United States v.Bautista

Question 38

Which of the following U.S.Supreme Court cases held that an individual may not be stopped based on the fact that he or she "does not belong in a neighborhood?"

A)United States v.Jones
B)State v.Barber
C)United States v.Weaver
D)United States v.Bautista

Question 39

Which of the following is one of the seven primary characteristics of Markonni's drug profile?

A)carrying little or no luggage or large quantities of empty suitcases
B)immediately making a telephone call after deplaning
C)leaving a false or fictitious callback telephone number with the airline
D)excessively frequent travel to source or distribution cities

Question 40

A tip that is thought to lack the indicia of reliability may be strengthened by all of the following except ______.

A)police corroboration
B)the fact that the informant came forward personally
C)providing inconsistent information
D)a criminal statute that punishes false criminal reports

Question 41

All of the following factors were identified in the Terry standard except ______.

A)weapons
B)reasonableness
C)bias
D)scope

Question 42

Which of the following U.S.Supreme Court cases held that an officer may require a passenger to leave a car?

A)Maryland v.Wilson
B)Pennsylvania v.Mimms
C)Commonwealth v.Gonsalves
D)Arizona v.Johnson

Question 43

Although not backed by U.S.Supreme Court rule and not to be considered a bright line rule, the Model Penal Code of Pre-Arraignment Procedure places a ______ time limit on Terry stops.

A)10-min
B)20-min
C)30-min
D)45-min

Question 44

All of the following statements regarding the Terry standard and reasonableness are true except ______.

A)the test is subjective
B)reasonableness is to be determined based on the facts as interpreted in light of the officer's experience
C)an officer may not base a frisk on the officer's hunch
D)an officer who lacks fear that a suspect is armed may conduct a frisk so long as he believes that frisk is required

Question 45

Courts have upheld frisks based on a combination of factors, which include all of the following except ______.

A)a bulge in the suspect's pocket
B)the type of criminal activity
C)the suspect's movements
D)the suspect's demographic makeup

Question 46

In addition to weapons, what other type of item can be seized during a frisk?

A)contraband
B)narcotics
C)wallets
D)electronics

Question 47

All of the following are major factors considered by a judge when determining the level of intrusiveness of a Terry stop except ______.

A)the number of suspects
B)the number of officers
C)whether the suspect is behaving threateningly
D)whether an informant was involved

Question 48

Reasonable suspicion is based on probabilities rather than certainties.

Question 49

A police officer is not allowed to consider an individual's arrest record when determining whether to perform a Terry stop if the person in question has served his or her sentence completely.

Question 50

The Reasonableness Clause authorizes the police to conduct investigative stops and frisks based on reasonable suspicion.

Question 51

A stop may be based solely on race, ethnicity, or religion.

Question 52

Police bulletins are classified as secondhand information.

Question 53

The determination of reasonable suspicion is a case-by-case determination.

Question 54

If a suspect flees from the police, officers can consider that act when determining whether reasonable suspicion exists to perform a Terry stop.

Question 55

The Minnesota v.Dickerson case extended the scope of the Terry stop to include ______.

A)weapons
B)alcohol
C)stolen goods
D)illegal narcotics

Question 56

Probable cause has been defined by the Court as those actions that "warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate."

Question 57

In order to seize narcotics during a frisk, what test must be employed?

A)There must be no doubt that the item is a narcotic.
B)It must be immediately apparent that the item is a narcotic.
C)The officer must have probable cause to believe the item is a narcotic.
D)The officer must be reasonably certain the item is a narcotic.

Question 58

The frisk must be directed at the discovery of ______.

A)weapons
B)nervous behavior
C)alcohol
D)stolen goods

Question 59

An officer stops a young man on the street legally and subjects him to a frisk.The officer is extremely thorough in the frisk.He even asks the young man to empty his wallet.Is the extent of this frisk permissible?

A)Only if the officer reasonably believes the wallet might contain a weapon.
B)No, because the scope must be limited to the discovery of guns, knives, and other weapons.
C)Yes, an officer may search to whatever extent necessary when detaining a criminal suspect.
D)No, because the frisk can only occur after transportation to the police station.

Question 60

An officer stops an individual for the purposes of a Terry stop; he has reasonable suspicion to do so.During the frisk, he finds a small handgun, for which the person has a valid license to own and permit to carry.He also finds a small baggie of cocaine.Can he seize the cocaine and use it as evidence at trial?

A)Yes, he legally discovered the cocaine during the frisk.
B)Yes, according to the "plain feel" rule it is admissible.
C)No, he did not have justification for the stop.
D)No, a Terry stop is allowed to search for weapons only.

Question 61

Police are required to corroborate at least some of the information provided by an informant before acting on the tip.

Question 62

A tip that lacks these indicia of reliability may be relied on where corroborated in essential details by the police.

Question 63

A tip is given greater weight when involving a dangerous, ongoing act.

Question 64

The primary difficulty when using profiles is that innocent individuals often display several of the profile characteristics.

Question 65

According to the text, how should facts be judged?

Question 66

Victim testimony is classified as secondhand information.

Question 67

Reasonable suspicion may not be based on an informant's tip.

Question 68

Define contemporaneous report.

Question 69

Officers are allowed to seize any contraband during a frisk.

Question 70

Statements close in time to an event and made under the influence of excitement and stress are presumed reliable.

Question 71

About half of all state supreme courts have held that officers need reasonable suspicion to order a passenger out of a stopped vehicle.

Question 72

During a Terry stop, a suspect cannot be locked in a police car.

Question 73

Define hearsay report.

Question 74

Identify the factors that determine reasonable suspicion.

Question 75

Determining whether a Terry stop has crossed the line into a custodial arrest focuses on three areas: movement, length of detention, and level of intrusiveness.Explain the general rules for each of these areas and give one example for each of what would constitute a Terry stop and what would mildly cross the line into a custodial arrest?

Question 76

Explain the totality of the circumstances test used to determine whether an anonymous tip is credible.

Question 77

During a Terry stop, a suspect cannot be moved against his or her will (barring safety concerns).

Question 78

Race can be considered when using a profile, as long as it is one of many factors used.

Question 79

Explain what factors judges consider in instances in which a suspect threatens an officer's safety and the police resort to physical force, to displaying a weapon, or to detaining an individual in a squad car?

Question 80

Provide an example of an eyewitness account.