Deck 3: Ethical Decision Making and Action

Question 1

Perspective taking skills play an important role in which component of ethical behavior?

A) moral judgment
B) moral sensitivity (recognition)
C) moral motivation
D) moral character

Answer 1

B

Question 2

We are more likely to recognize a moral or ethical dilemma based on its ______.

A) moral hypocrisy
B) moral muteness
C) moral intensity
D) moral imagination

Answer 2

C

Question 3

______ and ______ play an important role in following through on ethical choices?

A) time; rewards
B) patience; social support
C) rewards; emotions
D) interest; resources

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An ethical scandal leading to the loss of billions of dollars and the loss of thousands of jobs attracts the attention of the public for what reason?

A) temporal immediacy
B) social consensus
C) proximity
D) magnitude of consequences

Question 5

We are more likely to take notice of ethical issues when they involve people who are close to us. This is referred to as ______.

A) magnitude of consequences
B) social consensus
C) proximity
D) temporal immediacy

Question 6

Most people are at what level of moral development?

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional (principled)
D) over conventional

Question 7

In the past, scholars and researchers did not include ______ as part of the moral decision-making process.

A) emotions
B) values
C) logic
D) reason

Question 8

In ______, organizational members step outside their current frame of reference to assess and evaluate.

A) moral imagination
B) moral intensity
C) moral proximity
D) none of these

Question 9

Emotions or intuitions would be most important in which decision?

A) determining whether or not to pay a bribe
B) determining if a marketing campaign violates ethical marketing principles
C) determining whether or not to take a patient off of life support
D) determining the severity of punishment for breaking a company rule

Question 10

When a coworker confronted Grady about the large discrepancy in the inventory list, he claimed, "The boss made me do it." This dissonance is an example of ______.

A) moral imagination
B) moral intensity
C) moral disengagement
D) moral hypocrisy

Question 11

Which theorist developed the four-component model of ethical behavior?

A) Lawrence Kohlberg
B) James Rest
C) Patricia Werhane
D) Rushworth Kidder

Question 12

Problem analysis and data collection come in which stage of the Five "I" decision-making format?

A) identify
B) investigate
C) isolate
D) innovate

Question 13

In Kohlberg's stages of moral development, a child obeys the rules of the house in order to avoid a punishment. This is an example of which stage in Kohlberg's moral development theory?

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 14

Moral ______ describes the tendency of people to want to appear moral when acting immorally.

A) muteness
B) hypocrisy
C) determination
D) dumbfounding

Question 15

The forecasting team needed direction and decisions from their manager, Kathy. They were already 2 days overdue on the project deadline. Kathy didn't want to disappoint any of her colleagues and she was trying to people please all of her coworkers, even to the point of a late project. Which negative motivating factor did Kathy demonstrate?

A) greed
B) insecurity
C) ego
D) all of these

Question 16

Which of the following increases your moral motivation?

A) punish yourself for doing the wrong thing
B) resist emotions
C) seek out organizations that reward ethical behaviors
D) all of these

Question 17

Which is a true statement about the role of emotion in moral decision-making?

A) view emotion with suspicion
B) rely on emotion, not logic
C) use both cognition and emotion
D) none of these

Question 18

David looks to his coworkers when determining whether or not he should obey the company's code of ethics. He is reasoning at which level?

A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional (principled)
D) none of these

Question 19

Which Harvard psychologist developed moral stages which illustrated that individuals develop morally just as they would develop physically?

A) James Rest
B) Lawrence Kohlberg
C) Patricia Werhane
D) Rushworth Kidder

Question 20

Susan is strongly against siblings marrying one another but cannot explain why she feels the way she does. Susan's response is an example of ______.

A) moral sensitivity
B) moral dumbfounding
C) social intuition
D) hyperjudgment

Question 21

When individuals make an ethical decision on the basis of avoiding direct consequences and they obey to avoid punishment, this is an example of which stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) level 1: preconventional thinking
B) level 2: conventional thinking
C) level 3: postconventional or principled thinking
D) level 4: graduated level of thinking

Question 22

Sam is angry about the wide gap between the wealthy and the poor in society. He is demonstrating which type of moral emotion?

A) other-suffering
B) self-conscious
C) other-condemning
D) other-praising

Question 23

Which component of ethical behavior finds that decision makers must follow through on their choices?

A) component 1: moral sensitivity
B) component 2: moral judgment
C) component 3: moral motivation
D) component 4: moral character

Question 24

According to Kohlberg, about 20% of Americans can be classified at this level of moral thinking ______.

A) level 1: preconventional thinking
B) level 2: conventional thinking
C) level 3: postconventional or principled thinking
D) level 4: graduated level of thinking

Question 25

Which item is not a suggested tip for enhancing your ethical sensitivity?

A) engage in active listening and role playing
B) talk to all your friends about the ethical dilemma
C) pay attention to your feelings
D) crank up the moral intensity

Question 26

A good ethical decision must reflect the morals and values of the larger organization. This reflects which of the five timeless questions?

A) What are my core obligations?
B) What can I live with?
C) What will work in the world as it is?
D) Who are we?

Question 27

Forgetting that we have violated moral rules is associated with which cognitive bias?

A) overestimating our ethicality
B) favoring members of our own group
C) forgiving our own unethical behavior
D) implicit prejudice

Question 28

The last step of the Foursquare Protocol is ______.

A) situating yourself to decide
B) gathering accumulated experience in similar situation
C) close description of the situation
D) recognize the significant similarities between the current problem and past ones

Question 29

Which one of the items below is NOT a noted destructive motivation?

A) fear of failure
B) insecurities
C) greed
D) ego

Question 30

Emily was very caught up in her role as CEO. She often used other people to achieve her accomplishments and was overly confident in her position. Which destructive motivation is Emily displaying?

A) fear of failure
B) insecurities
C) greed
D) ego

Question 31

Making sense of the data we have gathered takes place during which step of the Lonergan/Baird method?

A) be attentive
B) be intelligent
C) be reasonable
D) be responsible

Question 32

Which component of ethical behavior can mean that successful implementation has developed competence?

A) component 1: moral sensitivity
B) component 2: moral judgment
C) component 3: moral motivation
D) component 4: moral character

Question 33

When a person convinces themselves that their questionable behavior was morally permissible because of the purpose, other forces, lack of consequences or the victim had it coming, this is a form of ______.

A) motivated forgetting
B) moral disengagement
C) slippery slope
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 34

John knew he struggled with self-doubt and if he didn't confront his own trap, he would not be an effective leader. What destructive motivation is John wrestling with?

A) fear of failure
B) insecurities
C) greed
D) ego

Question 35

Which component of ethical behavior is where a decision maker makes judgements about the right or wrong things to do in the specific context?

A) component 1: moral sensitivity
B) component 2: moral judgment
C) component 3: moral motivation
D) component 4: moral character

Question 36

People act like natural scientists according to which ethical decision-making framework?

A) the moral compass
B) five timeless questions
C) foursquare protocol
D) Lonergan/Baird Method

Question 37

What is the psychological tension called when our actions and self-images do not match?

A) motivated forgetting
B) moral disengagement
C) slippery slope
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 38

Which component of ethical behavior focuses on recognizing that an ethical problem exists?

A) component 1: moral sensitivity
B) component 2: moral judgment
C) component 3: moral motivation
D) component 4: moral character

Question 39

An individual who is able to apply the most advanced type of reasoning and relies on universal values and principles is applying which level of ethical decision-making?

A) level 1: preconventional thinking
B) level 2: conventional thinking
C) level 3: postconventional or principled thinking
D) level 4: graduated level of thinking

Question 40

This level of ethical decision maker will tend to look to other people for guidance. They may also look to work rules and leaders to help determine what is their right from wrong.

A) level 1: preconventional thinking
B) level 2: conventional thinking
C) level 3: postconventional or principled thinking
D) level 4: graduated level of thinking

Question 41

As CEO, Susan found herself asking the questions, "What are my core obligations?" And "What are we?" She had a big decision on whether or not to allow her company to merge with another company. What ethical decision format is Susan practicing?

A) the Lonergan/Baird Method
B) the Moral Compass
C) the Foursquare Protocol
D) the Five Timeless Questions

Question 42

Narrowing in on a solution and considering its course of action and consequences comes in which stage of the Five "I" Format?

A) innovate
B) investigate
C) isolate
D) implement

Question 43

This Harvard business professor drew upon insights from Machiavelli, Aristotle, Sun Tzu, and Buddha to develop his Five Timeless Questions model?

A) Joseph Badaracco
B) Stephen Goldman
C) Lynn Paine
D) Bernard Lonergan

Question 44

Which decision-making format can be summed up by, "Be attentive. Be intelligent. Be reasonable. Be responsible?"

A) the Lonergan/Baird Method
B) the Moral Compass
C) the Foursquare Protocol
D) the Five Timeless Questions

Question 45

When faced with the dilemma of decision-making for "gray area" problems, which format uses the technique of asking yourself five specific questions like "What are the consequences?" or "What can I live with?"

A) the Lonergan/Baird Method
B) the Moral Compass
C) the Foursquare Protocol
D) the Five Timeless Questions

Question 46

Individuals at the preconventional level of moral thinking decide on the basis of direct consequences.

Question 47

According to results of studies using the Defining Issues Test, when education stops, moral development plateaus.

Question 48

Time pressures increase the likelihood of poor moral decisions.

Question 49

Externally oriented individuals are more likely to persist in ethical tasks than internally oriented people.

Question 50

This ethics professor offered a four part "moral compass" philosophy to help with managerial decision-making?

A) Joseph Badaracco
B) Stephen Goldman
C) Lynn Paine
D) Bernard Lonergan

Question 51

Research suggests that the moral reasoning of men differs from the moral reasoning of women.

Question 52

Michael withstood a large amount of company opposition and he made the hard decision to be fully honest about the company product recall. He felt good about his decision believing it was the right thing to do even if it was an expensive recall for the company. Which component of ethical behavior is Michael demonstrating?

A) component 1: moral sensitivity
B) component 2: moral judgment
C) component 3: moral motivation
D) component 4: moral character

Question 53

Looking for more possible options or alternative courses of action come in which stage of the Five "I" Format?

A) identify
B) investigate
C) isolate
D) innovate

Question 54

Rebecca knew her group was lagging in projections for their company deadlines. As project manager, she wanted to see them succeed rather than fail. Rebecca believed her group could meet the goal with a week extension deadline. She opted to be honest with her supervisor and ask for a deadline extension rather than fabricate inaccurate numbers for the original deadline. Which component of ethical behavior is Rebecca demonstrating?

A) component 1: moral sensitivity
B) component 2: moral judgment
C) component 3: moral motivation
D) component 4: moral character

Question 55

Once set, it is impossible to change our moral intuitions.

Question 56

This ethics expert expanded upon Lonergan's decision-making method?

A) Joseph Badaracco
B) Catharyn Baird
C) Lynn Paine
D) James Rest

Question 57

Charolette worked with the company's ethics department. She knew it was not right to use company time for personal matters, however, she often chose to tackle her personal "to do list" while at work. This is a form of ______.

A) moral hypocrisy
B) motivated forgetting
C) moral motivation
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 58

Most people tend to overestimate how ethical they are.

Question 59

Emotions should be kept separate from reasoning.

Question 60

Which decision-making format talks about using four frames or lens of analysis?

A) the Lonergan/Baird Method
B) the Moral Compass
C) the Foursquare Protocol
D) the Five Timeless Questions

Question 61

What is moral imagination and how can it be developed?

Question 62

What are the three primary destructive motivations noted in the book? Please briefly explain each destructive motivation.

Question 63

What is active listening and role playing? How are these applied in ethical decision-making?

Question 64

Researchers have found that only cognitive areas of the brain are activated when making ethical decisions. Emotional areas of the brain do not respond.

Question 65

Kohlberg's stages of moral development has drawn criticism because it is closely similar to Rawl's theory of justice.

Question 66

Explain why time pressures undermine moral reasoning.

Question 67

Outline the Five "I" model of decision-making.

Question 68

______ are general patterns or structures in our memories that are used to solve ethical issues.

Question 69

In moral ______, individuals and organizations want to appear ethical but don't want to pay the cost of behaving ethically.

Question 70

Name and explain TWO of the components of moral intensity and how they increase the visibility of a moral issue.

Question 71

What are the components of ethical behavior?

Question 72

______ describes times when people have strong moral opinions but can't explain their reasoning.

Question 73

______ are those factors that help us give voice to our values.

Question 74

Name and explain the four lenses of the Moral Compass.

Question 75

Implementing a moral choice requires both persistence and ______.

Question 76

Moral sensitivity is the most studied stage in the Four-Component Model of ethical decision-making and behavior.

Question 77

Define moral intensity.

Question 78

Reluctance to using ethical terminology in organizations is referred to as ______.

Question 79

The greater the ______ of an issue, the more likely we are to notice it.

Question 80

______ and ______ play an important role in determining whether or not we follow through on our moral choices.