Deck 8: Gender Inequality

Question 1

Gender roles constitute master statuses.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Popular G-rated movies are characterized by a preponderance of female leads, supporting characters, and narrators.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Many countries now have 30 and 40 percent of their legislatures comprised of women, which is far ahead of the United States.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is patriarchy.

Question 5

Historically, the gender division of labor has operated to bind women to their occupational function in society.

Question 6

An assessment of all the states shows that, in terms of access to gender equality, it doesn't matter where in the United Sates one lives.

Question 7

Gender stereotypes arise in response to a gender division of labor and then serve to rationalize it by attributing substantially different personality characteristics and traits to the sexes.

Question 8

Men have more social, economic, and political power than women in societies around the world.

Question 9

In the Middle East and Northern Africa, killing a wife for alleged immoral acts is called an "honor killing."

Question 10

Gender identities are social conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female.

Question 11

Until the 20^th century, English and American common law viewed women as undergoing "civil death" upon marriage.

Question 12

Sexual inequality has been sustained over the years by assigning the economic-provider role to men and the childrearing role to women.

Question 13

Until the 20^th century, English and American common law specified that a wife must submit to sexual intercourse with her husband.

Question 14

Sex refers to the sociocultural distinction between males and females.

Question 15

Two-thirds of the world's illiterate adults are female.

Question 16

Gender refers to whether one is genetically male or female.

Question 17

At the individual level, sexism involves the policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women.

Question 18

The U.S. State Department's human rights report presents evidence of discrimination against, and persecution of, women around the world.

Question 19

Gender roles refer to whether one is genetically male or female and determine the biological role one plays in reproduction.

Question 20

A rationalization for keeping women in a subordinate social position in the United States has been the notion that "a woman's place is in the home."

Question 21

Men continue to gain ground educationally by entering college in higher numbers than women.

Question 22

The "sticky floor" is a metaphor for the occupational frustrations experienced by a majority of the nation's working women trapped in low-wage, low-mobility jobs.

Question 23

__________________ emerge(s) as one enacts gender roles and as others react to those roles as being either male or female.

A) Gender identity
B) Primary sex characteristics
C) Secondary sex characteristics
D) Sexual fantasies

Question 24

In the United States, about 60 percent of women age 16 and older are now in the paid labor force.

Question 25

Researchers estimate that between 60 million and 101 million women are missing from the world's population because of gender discrimination.

Question 26

Men are just as likely to be harassed in the workplace as women.

Question 27

The household work predominantly performed by working mothers and wives allows women to earn twice as much as their husbands by working two shifts.

Question 28

Today, corporate boards of directors are made up primarily of women.

Question 29

_______________ have enormous consequences for the behavior of most people and influence a wide range of human activities, including how we speak, dress, walk, engage in courtship, and choose a career.

A) Status sets
B) Differentiation rituals
C) Gender roles
D) Rites of passage

Question 30

The labor-force participation of married women in the United States over the past 200 years is represented by a U-shaped curve.

Question 31

Cultural expectations that define how members of each sex should behave are called

A) behavioral roles.
B) gender roles.
C) family roles.
D) gender identities.

Question 32

The conception of one's self as being male or female is called

A) sex characteristics.
B) gender identity.
C) adolescence.
D) rite of passage.

Question 33

The "glass ceiling" is a metaphor for the invisible barriers that keep women from advancing to top executive positions within the workforce.

Question 34

An analysis of more than 100 G-rated movies released between 1990 and 2005 showed that

A) most of the speaking character roles are female.
B) most of the speaking character roles are male.
C) the character roles are evenly divided between males and females.
D) the character roles are primarily cartoon animals, so you can't tell if they are female or male.

Question 35

Increases in female employment have come largely through the displacement of men by women in some low-paying jobs and through the rapid expansion of "pink-collar" occupations.

Question 36

_________ is biologically determined; __________ is a socially constructed framework created by human beings.

A) Sex; sex identity
B) Sex; gender
C) Gender; sex
D) Sexism; genderism

Question 37

There are as many female governors and members of Congress in the United States as there are male.

Question 38

The sociocultural distinction between males and females is called

A) sex.
B) sexual identity.
C) gender.
D) sex object preference.

Question 39

The state, the law, politics, religion, higher education, and the economy are institutions historically and currently dominated by

A) men and women equally.
B) men in the political sector and women in the educational sector.
C) women.
D) men.

Question 40

_________ identifies if one is genetically male or female.

A) Gender
B) Sex
C) Gender identity
D) Differentiation

Question 41

Which of the following is not a contributing factor to the millions of women who are missing from the world's population?

A) sex-selective abortions
B) sex-linked genetic health problems
C) neglect of female infants
D) more food and better health care for men and boys

Question 42

In many modern societies,

A) patriarchy has been replaced by matriarchy.
B) patriarchy has been replaced by a system in which males and females have equal power.
C) women and children almost never take the last name of the husband and father.
D) patriarchal elements persist.

Question 43

In the United States, about __________ percent of married women 16 and older are now in the paid labor force.

A) 20
B) 35
C) 60
D) 90

Question 44

Women have gained ground in achieving higher pay for their work primarily by

A) working harder than men at the same jobs.
B) asking for bonuses in return for sexual favors.
C) moving into higher-paying fields traditionally dominated by men.
D) gaining supervisory positions that allowed them to decrease the pay for male workers.

Question 45

Which of the following accurately describes social inequalities in American politics?

A) More than 40 percent of the members of Congress are women.
B) Nearly all the states have had a female governor at one time or another.
C) The United States has a smaller percentage of female legislators than many other countries.
D) About half the states have never had a woman elected to either the Senate or the House.

Question 46

At the institutional level, sexism

A) is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another.
B) involves policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women.
C) involves policies, procedures, and practices designed to produce equal outcomes for men and women.
D) assumes men and women are naturally suited to similar occupational roles.

Question 47

Married women's labor-force participation in the United States over the past 200 years is represented by

A) exponential growth.
B) a gradually declining curve.
C) a U-shaped curve.
D) arithmetic growth.

Question 48

The increase in female employment has come largely through

A) the "sticky floor" evolution.
B) the displacement of men by women in some low-paying categories and through rapid expansion of "pink-collar" occupations.
C) a reduction in obstacles discovered in the "glass ceiling."
D) changes in male attitudes toward the "working woman."

Question 49

The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is

A) oligarchy.
B) monarchy.
C) patriarchy.
D) symbolic sexism.

Question 50

Which characteristic of minorities do women fail to illustrate?

A) Minorities encounter prejudice and discrimination.
B) Minorities possess distinguishable physical or cultural traits.
C) Membership in a minority group is involuntary.
D) Minorities are endogamous.

Question 51

Until the 20^th century, English and American common law viewed women as "incorporated and consolidated" with their husbands. This was referred to as "__________ death."

A) certain
B) domestic
C) legal
D) civil

Question 52

The findings from 194 nations in the U.S. State Department's human rights report showed that

A) domestic violence against women is not a serious problem in most of these countries.
B) in Ghana, Bangladesh, and other countries, law enforcement is effective in controlling the trafficking of women and children for the sex trade.
C) many countries still have underage prostitution, sex tourism, and the sexual abuse of children.
D) although women are still victimized, children are now fully protected by the law.

Question 53

According to the text, the key characteristic of a minority group is that

A) it lacks power relative to the dominant group.
B) it possesses distinguishable physical or cultural traits.
C) its membership is involuntary.
D) its members are endogamous.

Question 54

Which of the following occupations has the smallest percentage of women in it?

A) nurse
B) scientist
C) cosmetologist
D) teacher

Question 55

The "glass ceiling" refers to

A) women having to provide sex in the workplace to get promotions.
B) the problems women have finding adequate daycare.
C) the problems women have reconciling their husband's demands and the demands of the job.
D) the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.

Question 56

Women in the younger-generation today

A) still make marriage and family the primary organizing force in their lives.
B) continue to marry at about the same time in their lives as the previous generation.
C) are more likely to delay marriage and childbearing than the previous generation.
D) marry at about the same time, but delay childbearing to a later time than the previous generation.

Question 57

_____________ is NOT considered a patriarchal element of society.

A) Women and children taking the last name of the husband and father
B) Women being responsible for most household chores and childcare
C) Women having the right to vote, sign contracts, and get credit
D) Men having more social, economic, and political power than women

Question 58

The world average for the percentage of women in national parliaments is about

A) 20 percent.
B) 40 percent.
C) 50 percent.
D) 65 percent.

Question 59

At the individual level, sexism

A) is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another.
B) assumes that inherent biological characteristics make both sexes naturally suited to similar roles.
C) assumes that social factors produce the differences between the sexes in power, status, and income.
D) is the belief that one sex is superior to the other.

Question 60

Susan Cross and Laura Madson used _________ to explain gender differences in the United States.

A) self-efficacy
B) self-construal
C) self-observation
D) self-esteem

Question 61

Sexual harassment

A) is a concept limited to the work place.
B) is a concept limited to schools and universities.
C) includes problems encountered in schools and the work place.
D) applies only to female employees.

Question 62

In the IWPR study ranking states on gender equality, what factors did researchers NOT consider?

A) the number of women living in the state
B) political participation by women in the state
C) reproductive rights for women in the state
D) social and economic autonomy for women in the state

Question 63

Studies of rapists show that

A) most rapists are socially dysfunctional.
B) most rapists are psychologically disturbed.
C) most rapists are sexually inadequate.
D) most rapists are not socially dysfunctional, psychologically disturbed, or sexually inadequate.

Question 64

Unsolicited flirtation, propositions, and degrading comments about an employee's appearance are all considered examples of __________________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

A) symbolic sexism
B) sexual harassment
C) institutional sexism
D) corporate sexism

Question 65

According to the text's discussion of gender-based disparities in pay, which of the following is NOT true?

A) Women are less likely than men to work fulltime.
B) Jobs that are occupied by women pay more than jobs that are occupied by men.
C) The wage gap has been closing over the past several decades.
D) Men earn more, on average, than women do at every level of education.

Question 66

Rapes of college students are most likely to take place

A) after midnight, off campus, with the rapist being a stranger.
B) after midnight, off campus, with the rapist being a classmate, friend, or boyfriend.
C) after midnight, in a dorm room, with the rapist being a stranger.
D) after midnight, in a dark alley, with the rapist being a stranger.

Question 67

Cross-national research shows that the "first wave" of women's movements, occurring from 1800 to 1950, focused primarily on

A) social equality.
B) jobs and education.
C) legal equality, such as the right to vote.
D) free speech.

Question 68

Unwelcome sexual attention that adds to a "hostile working environment" is considered _______________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

A) symbolic sexism
B) institutional sexism
C) sexual harassment
D) outside the realm of sexual harassment

Question 69

The cultural context in which rapes are more likely to occur include

A) masculine patterns of discussion that treat women as objects of sexual desire.
B) music, movies, and television shows that portray women and men as equal.
C) a general cultural norm that empowers women.
D) a college campus focused on academics and social activism.

Question 70

On average, women employed fulltime earn about __________ for each dollar earned by males.

A) 40 cents
B) 80 cents
C) 90 cents
D) a dollar

Question 71

The "second wave" of women's movements, since the 1960s, has primarily focused on.

A) social equality, including jobs and education.
B) legal equality, such as ownership of property.
C) the right to vote.
D) free speech in the work place.

Question 72

Women who have children

A) have a significant career advantage due to attitudes about the "responsible mother."
B) gain significant ground career-wise when they have children because of a higher pay scale assigned to mothers.
C) gain quicker access to the "fast track" in the work world.
D) encounter a significant career disadvantage.

Question 73

The invisible barriers that prevent women from occupational advancement are referred to as the

A) "sticky floor" mechanism.
B) "glass ceiling."
C) dominant male syndrome.
D) 9 to 5 problem.

Question 74

What do sociological studies show about wage disparities?

A) Women typically have less education than men and thus are paid less.
B) Once you account for experience, training, education, personal characteristics, and college major, the wage gap disappears.
C) Once you account for experience, training, education, personal characteristics, and college major, you find that women still earn less than men.
D) Women typically have more education than men and thus are paid more.

Question 75

In studies of college campuses, low rates of rape were associated with

A) campuses where females were heavily dominant.
B) attitudes in which sexual assertiveness was a symbol of masculinity.
C) a culture of masculinity that was not strong and where sexual assault was severely punished.
D) strictly enforced visitation policies in dormitories.

Question 76

In households with children under the age of six and two working parents, mothers spend an average of ______________ on the physical care of children (bathing, changing diapers, feeding).

A) 20 minutes
B) 1.1 hours
C) 2.5 hours
D) 4 hours

Question 77

Maternity benefits for working women are worst in

A) China.
B) the United States.
C) Congo.
D) Gabon.

Question 78

How do race and ethnicity interact with gender with regards to earnings?

A) Race and ethnicity have no effect on earnings.
B) Hispanic and African American women earn less than white women, and they all earn less than white men.
C) Hispanic and African American women earn more than white women, but they all earn less than white men.
D) Neither race, ethnicity, nor gender affects earnings.

Question 79

The "sticky floor" is a metaphor used for

A) the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.
B) the occupational frustrations experienced by working women stuck in low-paying, dead-end jobs.
C) the attachment of women in America to their housekeeping duties.
D) the sad fact that most floors in the United States are cleaned by women.

Question 80

Time diary studies show that U.S. men and women employed outside the home participate in housework and childrearing activities

A) at exactly the same rates.
B) at somewhat different rates, with men putting in more time on the job and women putting in more time at home.
C) as little as possible, since their jobs provide them with paid household help and child care.
D) at very different rates, with men almost never doing any housework or child care and women doing it all.