Deck 1: The Nature and Sources of Law

ملء الشاشة (f)
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سؤال
"Communication is irreversible" means

A) communication can be unintentional.
B) people can read into or give meaning to anything you say.
C) people can attach meaning to anything you do or don't do.
D) once you have communicated something, you can't take it back.
استخدم زر المسافة أو
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سؤال
What type of communication goals are used to build, maintain, or terminate bonds with others?

A) Relationship
B) Transactional
C) Instrumental
D) Self-presentation
سؤال
Noise is present in all three communication models.
سؤال
Competent communication suggests that one is able to apply his or her knowledge
to repeatable goal-directed behaviors.
سؤال
Which communication model is illustrated by text messaging and email?

A) Transactional
B) Interactive
C) Multidimensional
D) Linear
سؤال
Situations such as a college class, a party, or a workplace are

A) modalities.
B) contexts.
C) channels.
D) fields of experience.
سؤال
If you and your roommate are discussing who will get the master bedroom in your new apartment, what type of communication are you most likely using?

A) Mediated communication
B) Public communication
C) Small group communication
D) Interpersonal communication
سؤال
If you are chairing a meeting and remind members to stay focused on finishing your agenda, you are meeting relationship goals.
سؤال
What is the term for an exchange or series of messages?

A) Context
B) Communication
C) Channel
D) Interaction
سؤال
What type of communication goals are designed to make a communicator be perceived in a particular way?

A) Self-presentation
B) Instrumental
C) Relationship
D) Transactional
سؤال
In the linear and interactive models, people for whom a message is intended are

A) listeners.
B) channels.
C) contexts.
D) receivers.
سؤال
Practical goals you want to achieve through communication are known as

A) relationship goals.
B) self-presentation goals.
C) instrumental goals.
D) transactional goals.
سؤال
The components of the linear model of communication are

A) sender, receiver, noise, feedback, and fields of experience
B) sender, receiver, and fields of experience
C) sender, receiver, and noise
D) source, destination, interaction, and competence.
سؤال
Rhetoric involves the theory and practice of persuasion.
سؤال
Which is a characteristic of interpersonal communication?

A) It is static.
B) It is passive.
C) It involves three or more people.
D) It impacts participants' relationships.
سؤال
Which of these communication skills transcends communication type and context?

A) Negotiation
B) Research
C) Listening
D) Leadership
سؤال
Factors such as distracting thoughts or slow internet speed that impact how a message is received are

A) noise.
B) feedback.
C) rhetoric.
D) channels.
سؤال
Which of the following is NOT one of Cicero's three goals of public speaking?

A) To instruct
B) To persuade
C) To honor
D) To make peace
سؤال
High self-monitors prefer situations in which clear expectations exist regarding how they're supposed to communicate.
سؤال
In the linear and interactive models, the individual who generates information to be communicated is the

A) writer.
B) speaker.
C) sender.
D) presenter.
سؤال
A communication major can pursue careers in

A) marketing.
B) sales.
C) public relations.
D) All options are correct.
سؤال
In which type of communication do messages significantly influence the relationship between two people?

A) Mediated communication
B) Impersonal communication
C) Interpersonal communication
D) Public communication
سؤال
Communication using email, text messaging, Skype, or Twitter is referred to as

A) rhetoric.
B) mediated communication.
C) public communication.
D) interpersonal communication.
سؤال
Which type of communication involves preparing and delivering a message to an audience to achieve a specific purpose?

A) Mediated communication
B) Public communication
C) Interpersonal communication
D) Small group communication
سؤال
Interpersonal communication can help you meet self-presentation, instrumental, and relationship goals.
سؤال
Small group communication involves all of the following EXCEPT

A) communicating to achieve common goals.
B) communication between two people.
C) sharing a common identity.
D) building group unity.
سؤال
You are trying to persuade your communication professor to let you take a makeup exam. What type of communication goal are you trying to achieve?

A) Self-presentation
B) Relationship
C) Instrumental
D) Personal
سؤال
The principles and practice of communication were first studied by

A) social scientists after the conclusion of World War II.
B) the rhetoricians of ancient Greece and Rome.
C) media theorists after the advent of mediated communication.
D) members of the National Communication Association.
سؤال
What type of communication involves three or more interdependent persons who share a common identity?

A) Small group communication
B) Interpersonal communication
C) Mediated communication
D) Public communication
سؤال
Which statement is true regarding communication competence?

A) It is most important to be appropriate.
B) It is most important to be effective.
C) It is most important to be ethical.
D) The three components should be balanced.
سؤال
Competent communication is composed of all of these EXCEPT

A) ethics.
B) effectiveness.
C) appropriateness
D) contexts.
سؤال
Which component of competent communication pertains to achieving your goals?

A) Appropriateness
B) Ethics
C) Effectiveness
D) Feedback
سؤال
Chris is trying to arrange a meeting with his partner of five years to discuss how he can terminate their relationship. What communication goal is he seeking?

A) Self-presentation
B) Relationship
C) Instrumental
D) Personal
سؤال
A ballgame, work, or a classroom are all examples of communication contexts.
سؤال
The verbal and nonverbal messages used by receivers to indicate reactions to communication are called

A) interactions.
B) modalities.
C) noise.
D) feedback.
سؤال
Which of these is a "package" of information?

A) Message
B) Channel
C) Context
D) Model
سؤال
Face-to-face interaction, photos, social media posts, and texting are examples of

A) channels.
B) networks.
C) modalities.
D) contexts.
سؤال
Auditory, visual, and tactile are all examples of noise.
سؤال
Auditory, visual, and tactile are all examples of

A) media.
B) communication.
C) channels.
D) noise.
سؤال
Which was the first communication model to incorporate feedback and fields of experience?

A) Linear
B) Interactive
C) Fields of experience
D) Transactional
سؤال
Which of the following is NOT an element found in the linear communication model?

A) Sender
B) Noise
C) Feedback
D) Receiver
سؤال
The theory and practice of persuading others through speech is called

A) communication.
B) interaction.
C) rhetoric.
D) self-presentation.
سؤال
Which is a type of communication?

A) Interpersonal
B) Small group
C) Public
D) All options are correct
سؤال
Competent communicators report all of these EXCEPT

A) higher divorce rates.
B) more satisfying relationships.
C) better psychological health.
D) better physical health.
سؤال
Cicero defined five requirements of speech crafting. Which of these was NOT one of his requirements?

A) Invention
B) Competency
C) Memory
D) Arrangement
سؤال
The ethical component of communication competence involves consideration of expectations about how you "should" say something.
سؤال
Interpersonal communication involves

A) one person.
B) two people.
C) three people.
D) a large group.
سؤال
What variables does the interactive communication model add to the linear communication model?

A) feedback and noise
B) fields of experience and channel
C) noise and sender
D) feedback and fields of experience
سؤال
Texting, Skyping, and tweeting are all examples of mediated communication.
سؤال
The set of moral principles that guide your behavior is called

A) rhetoric.
B) ethics.
C) competence.
D) feedback.
سؤال
Brian prefers encounters in which he can act like himself by expressing his values and beliefs. Brian is a(n)

A) high self-monitor.
B) low self-monitor.
C) competent communicator.
D) incompetent communicator.
سؤال
Which model of human communication is the oldest and most simplistic?

A) Interactive
B) Transactional
C) Field of experience
D) Linear
سؤال
When communication matches expectations of how people should communicate, it is considered

A) effective.
B) appropriate.
C) linear.
D) noise.
سؤال
The process of observing our own communication and the norms of the situation in order to make appropriate communication choices is called

A) noise.
B) self-monitoring.
C) feedback.
D) interaction.
سؤال
The effectiveness component focuses on achieving self-presentation, instrumental, and relationship goals.
سؤال
Who was the first to teach about the value of a speaker's credibility?

A) Caesar
B) Aristotle
C) Socrates
D) Plato
سؤال
A transactional communication model views communication as a one-way form of communication.
سؤال
Lena wants to be perceived as trustworthy, caring, and credible by her girlfriend's parents. Which type of interpersonal goal is she trying to achieve?

A) Self-presentation
B) Relationship
C) Instrumental
D) Achievement
سؤال
If your group leader focuses on accomplishing the task while simultaneously disregarding how and where information is obtained, she is ignoring what component of competent communication?

A) Ethics
B) Effectiveness
C) Appropriateness
D) Skills
سؤال
Most communication is reversible.
سؤال
What is important to remember when trying to achieve communication competence?

A) Appropriateness is the most important aspect of competence.
B) Effectiveness is the most important aspect of competence.
C) Knowledge must be translated into communication skills.
D) Ethical communication is the most important element of competence.
سؤال
According to the National Communication Association, all of the following behaviors are considered to be examples of ethical behavior EXCEPT

A) withholding feelings and information in a significant interpersonal relationship.
B) communicating in an honest, accurate, and thoughtful way.
C) trying to both understand and respect others before evaluating or responding to their messages.
D) condemning communication that degrades people through intolerance, distortion, or intimidation.
سؤال
Brendan is hunting around in the kitchen and asks his wife, "Have you seen my . . ." and she says, "Keys?" What characteristic of the transactional model of communication does this illustrate?

A) Fields of experience
B) Noise
C) Collaboration
D) Relationship goals
سؤال
The translation of communication knowledge into repeatable behaviors produces

A) communication skills.
B) interaction.
C) fields of experience.
D) communication competence.
سؤال
The attitudes, values, beliefs, and experiences a participant brings to a communication event are called

A) contexts.
B) modalities.
C) fields of experience.
D) channels.
سؤال
Which type of communication has the FEWEST participants?

A) Public
B) Small group
C) Mediated
D) Interpersonal
سؤال
Communication is your primary vehicle for all of the following EXCEPT

A) exchanging meaning.
B) achieving goals.
C) connecting with others emotionally.
D) choosing a major.
سؤال
Communication scholars have only recently begun to explore the challenges and promise of human communication.
سؤال
Kat had a disagreement with Paul and told him that he was an idiot. Later, while apologizing, Kat asked Paul to "forget my comment." Kat is not aware that

A) communication is irreversible.
B) communication is a process.
C) ethical communication is imperative.
D) choices have consequences.
سؤال
Mediated communication includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) Tweeting
B) Skyping.
C) instant messaging.
D) face-to-face meetings.
سؤال
While lecturing to your class, Professor Smith inquires of his students, "Are you all understanding me?" What component of communication is your professor seeking?

A) Sender
B) Noise
C) Feedback
D) Receiver
سؤال
The communication discipline can be an appropriate major for those pursuing careers in public relations, sales, or political consulting.
سؤال
Both the linear and interactive communication models

A) conceptualize communication as multidirectional.
B) show that both senders and receivers influence communication equally.
C) suggest that all parties communicate collaboratively.
D) describe senders as active and receivers as passive.
سؤال
The transactional model of communication is the most sophisticated of the three models.
سؤال
Communication competence consists of appropriateness, effectiveness, and ethics.
سؤال
One guideline to remember when considering the ethics element of communication competence is to avoid intentionally hurting others with your communication.
سؤال
What type of communication is transmitted using a technological device?

A) Mediated communication
B) Small group communication
C) Interpersonal communication
D) Public communication
سؤال
While the four types of communication differ in their purpose and nature, they are all connected to one another in history and practice.
سؤال
Which communication model introduces the concept of communication as collaboration?

A) Linear
B) Transactional
C) Interactive
D) Instrumental
سؤال
Communication that is appropriate, effective, and ethical is considered

A) competent.
B) interactive.
C) mediated.
D) public.
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ملء الشاشة (f)
exit full mode
Deck 1: The Nature and Sources of Law
1
"Communication is irreversible" means

A) communication can be unintentional.
B) people can read into or give meaning to anything you say.
C) people can attach meaning to anything you do or don't do.
D) once you have communicated something, you can't take it back.
D
2
What type of communication goals are used to build, maintain, or terminate bonds with others?

A) Relationship
B) Transactional
C) Instrumental
D) Self-presentation
A
3
Noise is present in all three communication models.
True
4
Competent communication suggests that one is able to apply his or her knowledge
to repeatable goal-directed behaviors.
فتح الحزمة
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فتح الحزمة
k this deck
5
Which communication model is illustrated by text messaging and email?

A) Transactional
B) Interactive
C) Multidimensional
D) Linear
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
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6
Situations such as a college class, a party, or a workplace are

A) modalities.
B) contexts.
C) channels.
D) fields of experience.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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7
If you and your roommate are discussing who will get the master bedroom in your new apartment, what type of communication are you most likely using?

A) Mediated communication
B) Public communication
C) Small group communication
D) Interpersonal communication
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8
If you are chairing a meeting and remind members to stay focused on finishing your agenda, you are meeting relationship goals.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
9
What is the term for an exchange or series of messages?

A) Context
B) Communication
C) Channel
D) Interaction
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
10
What type of communication goals are designed to make a communicator be perceived in a particular way?

A) Self-presentation
B) Instrumental
C) Relationship
D) Transactional
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
11
In the linear and interactive models, people for whom a message is intended are

A) listeners.
B) channels.
C) contexts.
D) receivers.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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12
Practical goals you want to achieve through communication are known as

A) relationship goals.
B) self-presentation goals.
C) instrumental goals.
D) transactional goals.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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13
The components of the linear model of communication are

A) sender, receiver, noise, feedback, and fields of experience
B) sender, receiver, and fields of experience
C) sender, receiver, and noise
D) source, destination, interaction, and competence.
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14
Rhetoric involves the theory and practice of persuasion.
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فتح الحزمة
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15
Which is a characteristic of interpersonal communication?

A) It is static.
B) It is passive.
C) It involves three or more people.
D) It impacts participants' relationships.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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16
Which of these communication skills transcends communication type and context?

A) Negotiation
B) Research
C) Listening
D) Leadership
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افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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17
Factors such as distracting thoughts or slow internet speed that impact how a message is received are

A) noise.
B) feedback.
C) rhetoric.
D) channels.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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18
Which of the following is NOT one of Cicero's three goals of public speaking?

A) To instruct
B) To persuade
C) To honor
D) To make peace
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19
High self-monitors prefer situations in which clear expectations exist regarding how they're supposed to communicate.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
20
In the linear and interactive models, the individual who generates information to be communicated is the

A) writer.
B) speaker.
C) sender.
D) presenter.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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21
A communication major can pursue careers in

A) marketing.
B) sales.
C) public relations.
D) All options are correct.
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فتح الحزمة
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22
In which type of communication do messages significantly influence the relationship between two people?

A) Mediated communication
B) Impersonal communication
C) Interpersonal communication
D) Public communication
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23
Communication using email, text messaging, Skype, or Twitter is referred to as

A) rhetoric.
B) mediated communication.
C) public communication.
D) interpersonal communication.
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افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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24
Which type of communication involves preparing and delivering a message to an audience to achieve a specific purpose?

A) Mediated communication
B) Public communication
C) Interpersonal communication
D) Small group communication
فتح الحزمة
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25
Interpersonal communication can help you meet self-presentation, instrumental, and relationship goals.
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26
Small group communication involves all of the following EXCEPT

A) communicating to achieve common goals.
B) communication between two people.
C) sharing a common identity.
D) building group unity.
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27
You are trying to persuade your communication professor to let you take a makeup exam. What type of communication goal are you trying to achieve?

A) Self-presentation
B) Relationship
C) Instrumental
D) Personal
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
28
The principles and practice of communication were first studied by

A) social scientists after the conclusion of World War II.
B) the rhetoricians of ancient Greece and Rome.
C) media theorists after the advent of mediated communication.
D) members of the National Communication Association.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
29
What type of communication involves three or more interdependent persons who share a common identity?

A) Small group communication
B) Interpersonal communication
C) Mediated communication
D) Public communication
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
30
Which statement is true regarding communication competence?

A) It is most important to be appropriate.
B) It is most important to be effective.
C) It is most important to be ethical.
D) The three components should be balanced.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
31
Competent communication is composed of all of these EXCEPT

A) ethics.
B) effectiveness.
C) appropriateness
D) contexts.
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افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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32
Which component of competent communication pertains to achieving your goals?

A) Appropriateness
B) Ethics
C) Effectiveness
D) Feedback
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33
Chris is trying to arrange a meeting with his partner of five years to discuss how he can terminate their relationship. What communication goal is he seeking?

A) Self-presentation
B) Relationship
C) Instrumental
D) Personal
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
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34
A ballgame, work, or a classroom are all examples of communication contexts.
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35
The verbal and nonverbal messages used by receivers to indicate reactions to communication are called

A) interactions.
B) modalities.
C) noise.
D) feedback.
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 102 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
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36
Which of these is a "package" of information?

A) Message
B) Channel
C) Context
D) Model
فتح الحزمة
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37
Face-to-face interaction, photos, social media posts, and texting are examples of

A) channels.
B) networks.
C) modalities.
D) contexts.
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38
Auditory, visual, and tactile are all examples of noise.
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39
Auditory, visual, and tactile are all examples of

A) media.
B) communication.
C) channels.
D) noise.
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فتح الحزمة
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40
Which was the first communication model to incorporate feedback and fields of experience?

A) Linear
B) Interactive
C) Fields of experience
D) Transactional
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فتح الحزمة
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41
Which of the following is NOT an element found in the linear communication model?

A) Sender
B) Noise
C) Feedback
D) Receiver
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42
The theory and practice of persuading others through speech is called

A) communication.
B) interaction.
C) rhetoric.
D) self-presentation.
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43
Which is a type of communication?

A) Interpersonal
B) Small group
C) Public
D) All options are correct
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44
Competent communicators report all of these EXCEPT

A) higher divorce rates.
B) more satisfying relationships.
C) better psychological health.
D) better physical health.
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45
Cicero defined five requirements of speech crafting. Which of these was NOT one of his requirements?

A) Invention
B) Competency
C) Memory
D) Arrangement
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46
The ethical component of communication competence involves consideration of expectations about how you "should" say something.
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47
Interpersonal communication involves

A) one person.
B) two people.
C) three people.
D) a large group.
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48
What variables does the interactive communication model add to the linear communication model?

A) feedback and noise
B) fields of experience and channel
C) noise and sender
D) feedback and fields of experience
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49
Texting, Skyping, and tweeting are all examples of mediated communication.
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50
The set of moral principles that guide your behavior is called

A) rhetoric.
B) ethics.
C) competence.
D) feedback.
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51
Brian prefers encounters in which he can act like himself by expressing his values and beliefs. Brian is a(n)

A) high self-monitor.
B) low self-monitor.
C) competent communicator.
D) incompetent communicator.
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52
Which model of human communication is the oldest and most simplistic?

A) Interactive
B) Transactional
C) Field of experience
D) Linear
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53
When communication matches expectations of how people should communicate, it is considered

A) effective.
B) appropriate.
C) linear.
D) noise.
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54
The process of observing our own communication and the norms of the situation in order to make appropriate communication choices is called

A) noise.
B) self-monitoring.
C) feedback.
D) interaction.
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55
The effectiveness component focuses on achieving self-presentation, instrumental, and relationship goals.
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56
Who was the first to teach about the value of a speaker's credibility?

A) Caesar
B) Aristotle
C) Socrates
D) Plato
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57
A transactional communication model views communication as a one-way form of communication.
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58
Lena wants to be perceived as trustworthy, caring, and credible by her girlfriend's parents. Which type of interpersonal goal is she trying to achieve?

A) Self-presentation
B) Relationship
C) Instrumental
D) Achievement
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59
If your group leader focuses on accomplishing the task while simultaneously disregarding how and where information is obtained, she is ignoring what component of competent communication?

A) Ethics
B) Effectiveness
C) Appropriateness
D) Skills
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60
Most communication is reversible.
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61
What is important to remember when trying to achieve communication competence?

A) Appropriateness is the most important aspect of competence.
B) Effectiveness is the most important aspect of competence.
C) Knowledge must be translated into communication skills.
D) Ethical communication is the most important element of competence.
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62
According to the National Communication Association, all of the following behaviors are considered to be examples of ethical behavior EXCEPT

A) withholding feelings and information in a significant interpersonal relationship.
B) communicating in an honest, accurate, and thoughtful way.
C) trying to both understand and respect others before evaluating or responding to their messages.
D) condemning communication that degrades people through intolerance, distortion, or intimidation.
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63
Brendan is hunting around in the kitchen and asks his wife, "Have you seen my . . ." and she says, "Keys?" What characteristic of the transactional model of communication does this illustrate?

A) Fields of experience
B) Noise
C) Collaboration
D) Relationship goals
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64
The translation of communication knowledge into repeatable behaviors produces

A) communication skills.
B) interaction.
C) fields of experience.
D) communication competence.
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65
The attitudes, values, beliefs, and experiences a participant brings to a communication event are called

A) contexts.
B) modalities.
C) fields of experience.
D) channels.
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66
Which type of communication has the FEWEST participants?

A) Public
B) Small group
C) Mediated
D) Interpersonal
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67
Communication is your primary vehicle for all of the following EXCEPT

A) exchanging meaning.
B) achieving goals.
C) connecting with others emotionally.
D) choosing a major.
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68
Communication scholars have only recently begun to explore the challenges and promise of human communication.
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69
Kat had a disagreement with Paul and told him that he was an idiot. Later, while apologizing, Kat asked Paul to "forget my comment." Kat is not aware that

A) communication is irreversible.
B) communication is a process.
C) ethical communication is imperative.
D) choices have consequences.
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70
Mediated communication includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) Tweeting
B) Skyping.
C) instant messaging.
D) face-to-face meetings.
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71
While lecturing to your class, Professor Smith inquires of his students, "Are you all understanding me?" What component of communication is your professor seeking?

A) Sender
B) Noise
C) Feedback
D) Receiver
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72
The communication discipline can be an appropriate major for those pursuing careers in public relations, sales, or political consulting.
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73
Both the linear and interactive communication models

A) conceptualize communication as multidirectional.
B) show that both senders and receivers influence communication equally.
C) suggest that all parties communicate collaboratively.
D) describe senders as active and receivers as passive.
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74
The transactional model of communication is the most sophisticated of the three models.
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75
Communication competence consists of appropriateness, effectiveness, and ethics.
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76
One guideline to remember when considering the ethics element of communication competence is to avoid intentionally hurting others with your communication.
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77
What type of communication is transmitted using a technological device?

A) Mediated communication
B) Small group communication
C) Interpersonal communication
D) Public communication
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78
While the four types of communication differ in their purpose and nature, they are all connected to one another in history and practice.
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79
Which communication model introduces the concept of communication as collaboration?

A) Linear
B) Transactional
C) Interactive
D) Instrumental
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80
Communication that is appropriate, effective, and ethical is considered

A) competent.
B) interactive.
C) mediated.
D) public.
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