Deck 11: Internationalization and Indigenization of Psychology Afterworld War II

Question 1

During the Cultural Revolution in China, psychology was seen as

A)a tool to manage and control the behavior of citizens.
B)too Westernized to be useful in Chinese society.
C)bourgeois, thus forcing the closure of many psychology departments.
D)a waste of resources.

Answer 1

bourgeois, thus forcing the closure of many psychology departments.

Question 2

The purpose of the Marshall Plan was

A)for Americans to help rebuild European countries after the war.
B)to increase awareness of American psychology throughout Europe.
C)to encourage peace between war-torn countries.
D)all of the above

Answer 2

for Americans to help rebuild European countries after the war.

Question 3

The development of the first psychological journal, laboratory, and association in India occurred

A)between 1915 and 1926.
B)in the period between the world wars.
C)between 1945 and 1960.
D)in the late 1890s.

Answer 3

between 1915 and 1926.

Question 4

"Indigenization from within and indigenization from without" describes

A)modifying existing, mostly Western theories of psychology, as well as developing new theories that are relevant to a specific geographical region.
B)the indigenization of one's native country (within) and the concurrent process of indigenization in a different country (without).
C)the changing psychological views that Americans were recognizing as occurring in other countries.
D)indigenization based on the theories and research of native psychologists (within) as compared to theories and research of foreign psychologists residing in the same country.

Question 5

The interwar period saw the adoption and development of ____ in Japan.

A)personality and intelligence tests
B)philosophically based psychology
C)a national psychology association
D)both a and b
E)both a and c

Question 6

Unlike other areas of the world, which region did not really pursue the formal study of psychology (if it did at all) until decades after the Second World War?

A)China (except for Hong Kong)
B)Africa (except South Africa)
C)Canada
D)South America

Question 7

The success of American psychology on a global scale is due in part to

A)the acceptance of American psychology as a universal science.
B)the large funding and many training programs available for American psychology after World War II.
C)the devastation of much of Europe during World War II that made it difficult for psychologists to compete with the ascendancy of American psychology.
D)all of the above

Question 8

Psychology in South Africa underwent substantial growth early on despite

A)the racist applications of psychological research being done.
B)the irrelevance of many Western ideas to South African society.
C)the poor state of its economy, government, and education systems.
D)the lack of psychology programs in educational institutions.

Question 9

Chinese psychology can be described as

A)nonexistent until the 1960s due to civil and world wars.
B)focused on education and development after World War II.
C)heavily influenced by Japanese indigenous psychology.
D)completely independent of Western influence until the 1960s.

Question 10

Indian indigenous psychology was developed because

A)Western psychology was too complex for Indian researchers.
B)Western psychology was too simplistic for Indian researchers.
C)Indian psychologists desired a psychology that focused more on applications to religion and philosophy, rather than the American focus of behavior.
D)Western psychology was not socially relevant to the Indian population.

Question 11

The work of Indian social psychologist Jamuna Prasad was ahead of its time, in that it was similar in subject matter to the later work of

A)Leon Festinger.
B)Kurt Danziger.
C)Marie Jahoda.
D)Burrhus Frederic Skinner.

Question 12

In the 1950s, the American psychological influence could be seen in

A)France, through the funding of social psychological research.
B)Germany, through the use of aptitude tests.
C)Germany, through its use of clinical psychology.
D)all of the above

Question 13

Counseling psychology, loosely defined, ____ in India until the late 20th century.

A)was nonexistent
B)was performed mainly by swamis and gurus
C)took cues from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis
D)reflected the importance of personal growth

Question 14

Which influential psychologist or psychologists were involved in the indigenization of Indian psychology?

A)Jawaharlal Nehru
B)Durganand Sinha
C)Jai B.P.Sinha
D)Both a and c
E)Both b and c

Question 15

As was the case in many other countries, South African psychology in the 1950s and 1960s saw the growth of

A)behavioral research.
B)development and application of intelligence testing within the education system.
C)clinical and counseling psychology.
D)personality research.

Question 16

The Psychological Institute of the Republic of South Africa was a distinctive psychological association because

A)it was the first all-Black association in South Africa.
B)it was funded entirely by the American government.
C)it denied the membership of non-White applicants.
D)it was the first psychological association in South Africa.

Question 17

Modernization theory proposed

A)that the end point of the modernization process was a point the United States occupied already.
B)that all societies should embrace science and technology.
C)that modernization was a dialectical process.
D)none of the above

Question 18

Virgilio Enriquez helped to develop a Filipino psychology, arguing

A)that American psychology was not applicable to Filipino psychology because the Philippines did not share an interest in industry and behavior.
B)that psychology was irrelevant unless it truly understood the cultural background of its subjects.
C)that psychology was irrelevant unless it truly understood the religious background of its subjects.
D)none of the above

Question 19

The term Third World was originally coined by French social scientists in the 1950s to refer to

A)the group of countries that the Marshall Plan affected.
B)the world that existed after two major world wars, making the current one our Third World.
C)a third way of living, between communism and capitalism.
D)countries that are far behind so-called First World countries.

Question 20

Indigenous psychologies developed out of

A)the complete rejection of both American and Soviet psychology during the cold war.
B)the need to create psychologies that were more relevant to local regions and people.
C)a desire to compete with the American and Soviet superpowers.
D)a desire to create more scientific theories of human nature.

Question 21

The first South American psychological association was created in

A)Ecuador.
B)Brazil.
C)Peru.
D)Argentina.

Question 22

It was not until the 1960s or later that most Latin American countries developed

A)experimental psychology laboratories.
B)indigenous psychologies.
C)academic programs to teach psychology.
D)psychological associations.

Question 23

One example of European influence on Latin American psychology until about the 1950s can be seen in the comparison of Argentinean psychology to that of

A)Germany.
B)France.
C)Italy.
D)Great Britain.

Question 24

Conscientization

A)involves improving literacy among the poor.
B)attempts to empower citizens and help them think for themselves.
C)was a concept developed by Paolo Freire.
D)is all of the above

Question 25

La psicología social de la liberación is an example of

A)a social movement in which psychologists attempted to liberate the poor.
B)a professional psychological association in South America; the Latin equivalent of the American Psychological Association.
C)a social movement in which psychologists attempted to liberate the citizens of countries living under dictators.
D)social research that was conducted in the field rather than in a laboratory setting.

Question 26

One of the main reasons Europe played such a vital role in the development of Latin American psychology was because

A)many Latin Americans studied in Europe.
B)many South American countries were colonized and therefore ruled by European countries.
C)European psychology was highly advanced, and South Americans wanted to emulate such advancement.
D)many European psychologists emigrated from Europe to live and study in South America.

Question 27

The recent changes in psychology around the world

A)are due to advancements in technology that are changing our ability to do research.
B)are due to the internationalization of professional psychological organizations.
C)are beginning to shift the focus from American psychology to a psychology that has many foci around the world.
D)are due complete rejection of American theories of psychology.