Deck 11: Factorial Design: I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours Do Pick-Up Lines Really Work

Question 1

In a 2003 study looking at histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women, researchers asked 200 males and females to provide a blood sample to assess their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene, then to sleep a new clean T-shirt for two nights. Researchers also took photos of the males and females to document left- and right-side body symmetry. When the participants were asked about attractiveness, their answers indicated that the:

A) men preferred T-shirts from women with similar MHC.
B) men preferred T-shirts from women with dissimilar MHC.
C) women preferred T-shirts from men with similar MHC.
D) men preferred T-shirts from asymmetrical women.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In a 3 × 2 × 3 × 5 factorial design how many levels does the fourth independent variable have?

A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 11

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In a 2003 study looking at histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women, researchers asked 200 males and females to provide a blood sample to assess their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene, then to sleep a new clean T-shirt for two nights. Researchers also took photos of the males and females to document left- and right-side body symmetry. When the participants were asked about attractiveness, their answers indicated that the:

A) men preferred T-shirts of those women who were less attractive, but more fertile.
B) men preferred T-shirts of those women who were more attractive and had a higher probability of conception.
C) men preferred T-shirts of those women who were more attractive, but less fertile.
D) men preferred T-shirts from asymmetrical women.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In a 3 × 2 × 3 × 5 factorial design there are how many independent variables?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 5

A 2002 study involving sex differences in response to physical and social factors in relation to the importance of smell indicated that:

A) women considered a partner's body odor more important to attraction than actual physical appeal.
B) women considered body odor less important than social factors.
C) only men rated natural body odor as more important to sexual interest.
D) only women rated natural body odor as more important to sexual interest.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a third-party introduction?

A) Did it hurt when you fell from heaven?
B) Do you think that I look like Prince William?
C) Hi, my name is Marquez.
D) Hi, Jamie, this is my cousin Theo.

Question 7

In a 2003 study looking at histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women, researchers asked 200 males and females to provide a blood sample to assess their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene, then to sleep a new clean T-shirt for two nights. Researchers also took photos of the males and females to document left- and right-side body symmetry. When the participants were asked about attractiveness, their answers indicated that the:

A) women who were using birth control, and were in the most fertile part of their menstrual cycle, preferred asymmetrical men's scent over symmetrical men's scent.
B) women who were not using a birth control, but were in the most fertile part of their menstrual cycle, preferred asymmetrical men's scent over symmetrical men's scent.
C) women who were using a birth control, and were in the most fertile part of their menstrual cycle, preferred symmetrical men's scent over asymmetrical men's scent.
D) women who were not using a birth control, and were in the most fertile part of their menstrual cycle, preferred symmetrical men's scent over asymmetrical men's scent.

Question 8

In a 2010 study examining flirting competencies, researchers asked 600 participants to view various videos depicting five types of pick-up lines: cute, humorous, direct compliant, direct introduction, and a third-party introduction. The results suggested that:

A) participants perceived the direct and third-party introductions as the most effective.
B) participants perceived the cute and humorous pick-up lines as the most effective.
C) participants perceived the direct and third-party introductions as the least effective.
D) there was no difference among the various pick-up lines in terms of effectiveness.

Question 9

In a 2010 study examining the effectiveness of pick-up lines from an evolutionary perspective, researchers asked 70 female college students to imagine a male approaching them and using one of three different types of pick-up lines: cute, innocuous, or direct. The female participants were told whether the male was attractive, unattractive, or were given no information regarding level of attractiveness. The female participants than rated the male on several traits. The results suggested that:

A) the female participants indicated the males who used the direct or innocuous pick-up lines were less trustworthy and intelligent.
B) the female participants indicated that the males who used the cute pick-up lines were more trustworthy and intelligent.
C) the female participants indicated that they were less likely to talk to him and have a short-term relationship with him if the male was attractive regardless of the type of pick-up line he used.
D) the female participants indicated that they were less likely to talk with or have a long-term relationship with a male who attempted a cute pick-up line, regardless of the level of attractiveness for the male.

Question 10

In a 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 factorial design there are how many independent variables?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 11

Based on previous research, a person's natural scent is complex and contains several compounds, including indicators of _____ and androstadienone.

A) MPC
B) MJC
C) MBC
D) MHC

Question 12

In a 2006 study conducted in Scotland researchers asked 200 college students to read a series of vignettes describing a man approaching a woman and using different conversation starters. The researchers found that:

A) woman preferred conversation starters that were sexually suggestive.
B) women preferred conversation starters that showcased the man's humor.
C) women preferred conversation starters that provided information about the man's wealth, character, and culture.
D) women least preferred conversation starters that provided information about the man's wealth.

Question 13

Wyart and colleagues (2007) conducted a study examining the component of androstadienone found in males' sweat and how exposure to male sweat influenced women's cortisol levels. Researchers found that:

A) women's cortisol levels were not influenced by exposure to male sweat.
B) humans are unable to communicate with each other via chemosignals.
C) humans are able to influence each other via chemosignals.
D) women's cortisol levels remain stable over time no matter exposure.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a humorous pick-up line?

A) Did it hurt when you fell from heaven?
B) Do you think that I look like Prince William?
C) Hi, my name is Marquez.
D) Hi, Jamie, this is my cousin Theo.

Question 15

Pause (2004) studied the association between androgen steroids and pheromones. Participants in this study were asked to choose a seat in a waiting area. What percentage of participants chose the seat with androstenone at posttest?

A) 13.6%
B) 21.2%
C) 27.8%
D) 39.1%

Question 16

In a 3 × 2 × 3 factorial design there are how many independent variables?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 17

Based on previous research, a person's natural scent is complex and contains several compounds, including indicators of MHC and:

A) androstadienone.
B) androgens.
C) steroids.
D) opioids.

Question 18

Senko and Fyffe (2010) conducted a study in 2010 among female college students interested in examining preferences for opening pick-up lines. The female participants:

A) preferred innocuous pick-up lines the least and cute pick-up lines the most.
B) preferred cute pick-up lines the least and found direct pick-up lines more desirable.
C) preferred cute pick-up lines the most and direct pick-up lines the least.
D) did not have a preference in pick-up line types.

Question 19

A literature review revealed that there are a number of terms that mean the same as pick-up lines, including all of the following EXCEPT:

A) opening gambit.
B) remarks.
C) openers.
D) chat-up line.

Question 20

In a 2 × 2 × 3 × 6 factorial design how many levels does the fourth independent variable have?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 6
D) 9

Question 21

Dr. Neal was interested in examining two independent variables in his study of bullying behaviors. Dr. Neal identified social classifications (bully, victim, bystander) and self-esteem levels (low, medium, and high) as his variables of interest. Which type of factorial design does that describe?

A) 2 × 2
B) 3 × 3
C) 2 × 3 × 4
D) 2 × 3 × 3

Question 22

In a factorial design W × Y, the W represents the:

A) dependent variable.
B) first independent variable.
C) second independent variable.
D) the sum of the variables.

Question 23

If any one of the independent variables in a factorial design uses a _____ format, the factorial design becomes a mixed design.

A) within-subjects
B) between-subjects
C) counterbalanced
D) mediated

Question 24

In a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design how many levels does the second independent variable have?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5

Question 25

Factorial designs have the added benefit of being able to establish:

A) interactions.
B) correlational relationships.
C) cause and effect.
D) main effects.

Question 26

In a factorial design where one of the independent variables is a quasi-independent variable, the design is considered a:

A) Latin square design.
B) mixed design.
C) quasi-experimental design.
D) hybrid design.

Question 27

Dr. Henderson identified three independent variables of interest for her current study. Dr. Henderson is examining the relationship among gender identity (male, female, and transgender), birth order (first born, second born, third born), and family context (two-parent or single-parent home). Which type of factorial design does that describe?

A) 2 × 2
B) 3 × 4
C) 2 × 3 × 4
D) 3 × 3 × 2

Question 28

In a factorial design W × Y, the Y represents the:

A) dependent variable.
B) first independent variable.
C) second independent variable.
D) the sum of the variables.

Question 29

In a 2 × 2 × 5 × 3 × 5 factorial design how many levels does the third independent variable have?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 9

Question 30

In a factorial design 2 × 3, the 2 represents:

A) levels of the dependent variable.
B) levels of the first independent variable.
C) levels of the second independent variable.
D) the sum of the variables.

Question 31

A hybrid design occurs when at least one of the independent variables is a quasi-independent variable and is unable to be:

A) manipulated.
B) controlled.
C) suppressed.
D) crossed over.

Question 32

If any one of the independent variables in a factorial design uses a within-subjects format, the factorial design becomes a:

A) Latin square design.
B) mixed design.
C) quasi-experimental design.
D) repeated measures design.

Question 33

Factorial designs are true experiments where the researchers manipulate the independent variables, all of which are:

A) within-subjects.
B) between-subjects.
C) counterbalanced.
D) mediated.

Question 34

In a 5 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design there are how many independent variables?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 35

Factorial designs are _____ in which the researchers _____ the independent variables, all of which are between-subjects.

A) correlational studies; control
B) correlational studies; manipulate
C) true experiments; manipulate
D) true experiments; control

Question 36

In a factorial design 2 × 3, the 3 represents:

A) levels of the dependent variable.
B) levels of the first independent variable.
C) levels of the second independent variable.
D) the sum of the variables.

Question 37

The number of potential combinations with factorial designs is:

A) minimal.
B) limited.
C) narrow.
D) unlimited.

Question 38

In a 5 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design how many levels does the first independent variable have?

A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 13

Question 39

In a 4 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design there are how many independent variables?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6

Question 40

Factorial designs are true experiments in which the researchers manipulate the _____, all of which are between-subjects.

A) independent variables
B) dependent variables
C) mean squares
D) moderator variables

Question 41

Khan examined two different independent variables, specifically types of aggression and birth order. Dr. Khan looked at relational and overt aggression, as well as first-borns, second-borns, middle-borns, and multiples. Which type of factorial design does that describe?

A) 2 × 2
B) 2 × 4
C) 2 × 3 × 4
D) 2 × 3 × 3

Question 42

Dr. Crow is interested in examining the independent variables of ethnicity and receipt of remarks in relation to feelings of social inclusion. The ethnicity variable is represented by Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic American. The receipt of remarks variable includes receipt of compliment, receipt of insult, and receipt of greeting. Ethnicity is not able to be manipulated; therefore, this is a:

A) within-subject design.
B) mixed design.
C) hybrid design.
D) repeated measure design.

Question 43

If a factorial design is set up to be a within-subjects design then:

A) each participant is exposed to both independent variables at all levels.
B) each participant is exposed to only one independent variable.
C) different participants are exposed to both independent variables.
D) different participants are exposed to one independent variable.

Question 44

Previous research has indicated that alcohol decreases motor coordination, but when alcohol was combined with an energy drink, individuals had _____ feelings of stimulation and increased confidence in their performance, even though their performance was actually worse.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) stable
D) unaffected

Question 45

Dr. Lyons is utilizing a sample of 50 participants who will each be exposed to three different levels of direct sunlight and two different levels of skin protectant. The best description for Dr. Lyons' research design is:

A) different participants will experience one level of one of the independent variables.
B) that the same participants will experience three levels of the first IV and two levels of the second IV in a within-subjects design.
C) different participants will experience only one level of each independent variable.
D) that the same participants will experience three levels of the first IV and two levels of the second IV in a between-subjects design.

Question 46

In a research study in which the ingestion of caffeine pills is used to study the metabolic rate of sugar, which variable is the dependent variable?

A) appetite
B) caffeine pills
C) judgment
D) metabolic rate of sugar

Question 47

In a 2 × 2 factorial design how many potential combinations of the independent variables exist?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 8

Question 48

Previous research has indicated that alcohol decreases motor coordination, but when alcohol was combined with an energy drink, individual had increased feelings of stimulation and increased _____ in their performance, even though their performance was actually worse.

A) skepticism
B) doubt
C) confidence
D) uncertainty

Question 49

Dr. Carlson is examining how the consumption of LSD and individuals' body temperatures influences the individuals' interest in physical contact. In this particular research scenario which of the following variables is the dependent variable?

A) physical contact
B) consumption of LSD
C) dance abilities
D) motor coordination

Question 50

Dr. Carlson is examining how the consumption of LSD and individuals' body temperatures influences the individuals' interest in physical contact. In this particular research scenario how many independent variables are described?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 51

If a factorial design is set up to be a between-subjects design then:

A) each participant is exposed to both independent variables at all levels.
B) each participant is exposed to only one level of each independent variable.
C) different participants are exposed to both independent variables.
D) different participants are exposed to one independent variable.

Question 52

Researchers in a 2009 study assessed whether participants from the Midwestern United States were able to accurately assess romantic interest in German-speaking couples. The participants watched video clips of German-speaking couples on actual dates. Participants viewed 10-second or 30-second video clips from the beginning, middle, or end of the dates. Which type of factorial design is this scenario?

A) 2 × 2
B) 2 × 3
C) 2 × 4
D) 2 × 5

Question 53

Dr. Crow is interested in examining the independent variables of ethnicity and receipt of remarks in relation to feelings of social inclusion. The ethnicity variable is represented by Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic American. The receipt of remarks variable includes receipt of compliment, receipt of insult, and receipt of greeting. How would this research study design be noted?

A) 2 × 2
B) 3 × 3
C) 2 × 4
D) 2 × 3 × 2

Question 54

In a research study in which the ingestion of caffeine pills is used to study the metabolic rate of sugar and overall level of alertness, which variable is the independent variable?

A) alertness
B) caffeine pills
C) judgment
D) sugar

Question 55

Each of the following is an example of an interaction, EXCEPT:

A) how well you do in music class depends on your aptitude, the type of instrument you play, and your family history of musicians.
B) how much you like your friend is determined by how many times she likes your social media posts.
C) how much you like your job is determined by how many hours you have worked, the day of the week, and how productive you have been.
D) how much you enjoy running determined by how tired you are, how your body feels, and how far you plan on running.

Question 56

Each of the following is an example of an interaction, EXCEPT:

A) how well you do in a particular class depends on your aptitude and interest, as well as your attendance in the class.
B) how tired you are is determined by how many children you have, your work shift, and the amount of sleep you get each night.
C) how excited you are is determined by the type of event, the number of people in attendance, and the type of music playing.
D) how much you love your spouse is determined by whether you get flowers.

Question 57

In a 3 × 3 factorial design how many possible combinations of the independent variables exist?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 9

Question 58

An interaction is considered a(n) _____ effect that occurs when combining two or more factors.

A) universal
B) common
C) unique
D) joint

Question 59

In a 2 × 2 factorial design using a within-subjects design:

A) different participants will experience one level of one of the independent variables.
B) the same participants will experience two levels of the IV and two levels of the DV.
C) different participants will experience only one level of each independent variable.
D) the same participants will experience both levels of both of the independent variables.

Question 60

Dr. Carlson is examining how the consumption of LSD and individuals' body temperatures influences the individuals' interest in physical contact. In this particular research scenario which are the two independent variables?

A) physical contact
B) consumption of LSD and body temperature
C) dance abilities
D) motor coordination

Question 61

In a factorial design, the number of independent variables indicates the number of potential main effect hypotheses, and there are as many _____ as you have combinations of independent variables.

A) main effect hypotheses
B) carryover effects
C) practice effects
D) interaction effect hypotheses

Question 62

Researchers in a 2009 study assessed whether participants from the Midwestern United States were able to accurately assess romantic interest in German-speaking couples. The video clips depicted German-speaking couples on actual dates. Participants viewed 10-second or 30-second video clips of the beginning, middle, or end of the dates. The results revealed that:

A) participants had poorer accuracy when judging clips from the middle or end of the date.
B) participants were better than average at judging romantic interest, and both men and women showed similar levels of efficiency in judgment.
C) participants were not better than average at judging romantic interest.
D) it was easier for participants to judge females in the video more accurately than males.

Question 63

When discussing a psychological experiment, mundane realism refers to:

A) a greater conformity to authenticity of a real-life context.
B) the lack of conformity to authenticity of a real-life context.
C) a greater deviation from authenticity to provide a unique context.
D) a lack of details that results in a lack of realism.

Question 64

In a 4 × 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, you have _____independent variables and potentially _____ main effect hypotheses.

A) 4; 4
B) 3; 3
C) 3; 5
D) 2; 2

Question 65

Dr. Clark was lecturing to his statistics class and noted a common misconception about factorial design. He stated that it is very important to remember that main effect and interaction effect hypotheses are _____ each other.

A) equivalent to
B) not dependent on
C) dependent on
D) contingent upon

Question 66

Vignettes provide a significant amount of _____ because the researcher can dictate exactly what the participant reads.

A) rigidity
B) control
C) adaptation
D) inflexibility

Question 67

Dr. Kincaid noted in class this morning while discussing factorial design that sometimes the effects of one independent variable will have a reverse influence across levels of the other variable. This is referred to as a:

A) carryover effect.
B) crossover interaction.
C) testing effect.
D) hybrid design.

Question 68

If you were to develop a table to examine a 2 × 2 factorial design, one independent variable would be notated on the left with each level in a _____ and the other independent variable would be at the top with each level in a _____.

A) column; cell
B) cell; row
C) column; row
D) row; column

Question 69

How many possible outcomes, including both main effects and interaction effects, are possible for a factorial design with two independent variables?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

Question 70

If you were to develop a table to examine a 2 × 2 factorial design, one _____ variable would be notated on the left with each level in a row and one _____ would be at the top with each level in a column.

A) independent; independent variable
B) independent; dependent variable
C) dependent; independent variable
D) moderator; main effect

Question 71

Main effect hypotheses focus on the effect of _____ independent variable(s) on the _____ variable.

A) a single; dependent
B) multiple; dependent
C) a single; moderator
D) multiple; moderator

Question 72

In factorial design, the number of independent variables indicates the number of potential:

A) main effect hypotheses.
B) carryover effects.
C) practice effects.
D) interaction effect hypotheses.

Question 73

Cindy asked Dr. Carlisle to repeat her comment about interaction effects with regard to factorial design. Dr. Carlisle had stated that it is possible to hypothesize interactions without predicting:

A) differences for any of the main effects.
B) differences for one main effect.
C) a moderator effect.
D) a mediating effect.

Question 74

A within-subjects factorial design would control for:

A) internal validity.
B) random error.
C) individual variation.
D) history.

Question 75

Vignettes use _____ situations, events, or scenarios to provide information to a participant.

A) hypothetical
B) real
C) tangible
D) original

Question 76

Multiple independent variables indicate the potential for a(n) _____, which is not possible when there is only one independent variable.

A) testing effect
B) main effect hypothesis
C) interaction effect hypothesis
D) carryover hypothesis

Question 77

In a factorial design, the number of independent variables indicates the number of potential main effect hypotheses, and there are as many interaction effect hypotheses as:

A) you have combinations of levels of dependent variables.
B) you have combinations of main effects.
C) you have combinations of independent variables.
D) you have combinations of dependent variables.

Question 78

In factorial design, Dr. Cyun identified three independent variables for his current research study. Dr. Cyun's research study likely has three:

A) main effect hypotheses.
B) carryover effects.
C) practice effects.
D) interaction effect hypotheses.

Question 79

Tedoro designed a study to examine the influence of social media on self-esteem. In his study he gave participants a social media post (Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram) and a 1-minute video clip (positive, negative, or neutral) to watch. Each participant only receives one level of each IV. Which of the following accurately describes this design?

A) 2 × 2 hybrid design
B) 2 × 3 mixed between-subjects design
C) 3 × 3 factorial between-subjects design
D) 3 × 4 factorial within-subjects design

Question 80

Delena asked Dr. Whit to repeat his comment about interaction effects with regard to factorial designs. Dr. Whit had stated that it is possible to hypothesize a main effect for one independent variable:

A) without hypothesizing a difference in the dependent variable.
B) without hypothesizing an interaction effect.
C) without hypothesizing a main effect for the other independent variable.
D) without a mediating effect.