Deck 11: Personality

Question 1

Galen used the terms calm, reliable, and thoughtful to describe a ________ person.

A) choleric
B) melancholic
C) phlegmatic
D) sanguine

Answer 1

phlegmatic

Question 2

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

A) archetypes
B) the id
C) the shadow
D) womb envy

Answer 2

archetypes

Question 3

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

A) reaction formation
B) regression
C) repression
D) sublimation

Answer 3

regression

Question 4

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) unconscious

Question 5

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

A) anal
B) genital
C) oral
D) phallic

Question 6

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

A) Freudian
B) inferiority
C) Electra
D) Oedipal

Question 7

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

A) Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.
B) Max has become fixated at the Oedipal complex within the phallic stage.
C) Max is overcompensating for an inferiority complex that was established in childhood.
D) Max is an introvert who is trying hard to pretend that he is an extrovert.

Question 8

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

A) denial
B) displacement
C) rationalization
D) rejection

Question 9

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

A) detachment
B) extroversion
C) moving against people
D) moving with people

Question 10

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

A) choleric
B) melancholic
C) phlegmatic
D) sanguine

Question 11

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

A) intrinsic motives
B) high self-efficacy
C) an introverted archetype
D) poor reciprocal determinism

Question 12

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

A) An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.
B) An individual's personality is determined in childhood.
C) Individuals are either introverts or extroverts.
D) The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic.

Question 13

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

A) archetype
B) collective unconscious
C) Freudian slip
D) repressed memory

Question 14

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

A) advocating for analytical psychology
B) suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
C) the idea that men have womb envy
D) the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

Question 15

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

A) Congruence
B) Egotism
C) Incongruence
D) Self--efficacy

Question 16

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

A) ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life
B) ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life
C) balance between extroversion and introversion
D) moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious

Question 17

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

A) Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
B) Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not.
C) Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did.
D) Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

Question 18

According to Freud's psychosexual theory of personality, the ________ stage involves a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

A) anal
B) genital
C) oral
D) phallic

Question 19

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

A) actions that are internally motivated
B) anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
C) reactions that are externally motivated
D) actions that occur without conscious thought or intentionality

Question 20

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Margaret Mahler
C) Karen Horney
D) Anna Freud

Question 21

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

A) Personality is formed solely in childhood and does not change after we hit puberty.
B) Personality is significantly shaped by the biology and genetic lineage of the organism.
C) Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
D) Personality theory should be based on social health and public interests.

Question 22

Briefly describe what Freud meant when he discussed the Oedipus complex.

Question 23

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.

A) tertiary
B) secondary
C) central
D) cardinal

Question 24

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

A) Biological
B) Neo-Freudian
C) Humanistic
D) Trait

Question 25

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.

A) Rorschach test
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
C) TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 26

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________.

A) compartmentalization
B) migration
C) relocation
D) homesteading

Question 27

According to Carl Rogers, a healthy personality would result from congruence between one's ______ self and their ________ self.

A) guided; achieved
B) internalized; externalized
C) idea; perceived
D) real; ideal

Question 28

How many different scales are used to compile a profile from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

A) 6
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12

Question 29

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck?

A) introversion versus extraversion
B) agreeableness versus unpleasantness
C) neuroticism versus emotional stability
D) psychoticism versus superego control

Question 30

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

A) Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents.
B) How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality.
C) Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
D) Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

Question 31

The area of study first proposed by Franz Gall, in which it was believed that personality traits could be uncovered by studying the bumps on someone's skull, was called ________.

Question 32

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer?

A) extraversion
B) honesty
C) cross-culturalism
D) emotionality

Question 33

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

A) Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart.
B) Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart.
C) Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
D) Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.

Question 34

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

A) They are more respectful of feminist psychology concepts.
B) They are universal to virtually all cultures studied.
C) They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.
D) They use animal research instead of relying on research with humans.

Question 35

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

A) the dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures
B) the reality that many indigenous cultures were slowly disappearing from existence
C) the unwillingness of professional journals to publish studies whose participants did not reflect different cultural backgrounds
D) the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines requiring a multicultural approach to all research

Question 36

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

A) an external locus on control
B) an internal locus of control
C) good self-regulation
D) poor self-regulation

Question 37

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American lifestyles.

A) Contemporary Stereotypes
B) Contemporized-Themes
C) Cultural Norms
D) Thematic Subjects

Question 38

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

A) Marta, who lives in Brazil
B) Aaron, who lives in South Africa
C) Margaret, who lives in South Kora
D) James, who lives in England

Question 39

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?

A) the easy baby
B) the difficult baby
C) the slow to warm up baby
D) the secure baby

Question 40

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

A) the esteem of others
B) connections and affiliation
C) self-actualization
D) self-efficacy

Question 41

Provide a real-life example for the three aspects of reciprocal determinism.

Question 42

How do the id, ego, and superego combine to form personality?

Question 43

What are the three methods of studying personality in a cultural context that are mentioned in the textbook?