Deck 14: Corrections in the Community: Probation, Parole, and Other Alternatives to Incarceration

Question 1

In probation or parole, what is the term that describes committing a violation of conditions by committing a new offense?

A)technical
B)substantive
C)procedural
D)major

Answer 1

B

Question 2

House arrest is categorized as which of the following?

A)imprisonment
B)incarceration
C)intermediate sanction
D)intensive supervision

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What purpose does the risk-needs-responsivity model serve?

A)to assess which programs will help stop the cycle of reoffending and reincarceration
B)to determine which local prison is most suitable for an offender
C)to describe the cycle of rehabilitation during probation
D)to understand why offenders commit certain crimes

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is a relatively new criminal justice movement?

A)retributive justice
B)procedural justice
C)restorative justice
D)constitutional justice

Question 5

English courts used what strategy to serve as a temporary suspension of sentence while an offender appealed to the court for a pardon?

A)banishment
B)judicial reprieve
C)jail suspension
D)probation

Question 6

Amanda is on parole and was just arrested for possession of illegal drugs.What type of parole violation is this considered?

A)substantive
B)technical
C)procedural
D)minor

Question 7

Which of the following would be considered community corrections?

A)being held in a local jail
B)being incarcerated in a federal prison
C)being detained
D)being put on probation

Question 8

What tasks did John Augustus perform that are reminiscent of modern probation?

A)provided counseling to offenders
B)kept careful records of offenders' progress
C)prohibited offenders from leaving their homes
D)placed strong restrictions on offenders

Question 9

Which group of individuals is among the most important that the parole board comes into contact with when making a parole determination?

A)victims
B)offenders
C)parole officers
D)social workers

Question 10

What is the leading alternative to incarceration?

A)house arrest
B)probation
C)boot camp
D)halfway house

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered a substantive violation of probation conditions?

A)failing to submit to a drug test
B)associating with gang members
C)changing address without permission
D)being arrested for drunk driving

Question 12

Which action led to the first parole system in America?

A)implementing a ticket of leave system
B)creating a statute that allowed indeterminate sentences
C)applying a philosophy of reforming offenders
D)providing punishment for past crimes and training for future

Question 13

John is on probation for a theft offense and has failed to pay court fees.What type of probation violations are these?

A)substantive
B)technical
C)procedural
D)minor

Question 14

One argument for alternatives to incarceration is that is allows offenders to avoid the ______ of imprisonment.

A)violence
B)pains
C)struggles
D)confinement

Question 15

Which of the following is one element that must be present in order for alternatives to incarceration to be effective?

A)It must make committing a new offense extremely difficult.
B)It must include intensive counseling to help offender determine why they offended.
C)It must provide job training to help offender re-enter society.
D)It must require offenders to serve community service activities.

Question 16

Being arrested for burglary would be considered a ______ probation violation.

A)technical
B)substantive
C)procedural
D)major

Question 17

There are two possible types of probation violations.These include technical and ______.

A)substantive
B)serious
C)recidivism
D)menial

Question 18

Which of the following is a reason for the relatively rapid spread of parole legislation?

A)dissatisfaction with the determinate sentencing
B)desire for harsher sentencing for offenders
C)desire to promote retribution for violent offenders
D)dissatisfaction with the "good-times" deductions already in place

Question 19

Which of the following describes a convicted person who is allowed to remain free in a community while being subject to certain conditions and restrictions of his or her activities?

A)house arrest
B)probation
C)boot camp
D)halfway house

Question 20

Which of the following is a reason in favor of using alternatives to incarceration?

A)It greatly increases recidivism.
B)It allows offenders to take greater advantage of counseling options.
C)It is the same cost as incarceration, but with better outcomes.
D)It provides greater seclusion of offenders.

Question 21

What is meant by saying that probation officers supervise individuals at the front end of the sentencing continuum?

A)They supervise individuals with only a limited criminal history.
B)They supervise individuals prior to the imposition of sentence.
C)They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence.
D)They supervise individuals just released from prison.

Question 22

A structured corrections program requiring offenders to check in at a community site on a regular basis for supervision and services is called a(n) ______.

A)day reporting center
B)boot camp
C)intensive supervision probation
D)parole

Question 23

Conducting presentence investigations and reports, enforcing court orders, and arranging for drug testing are all responsibilities of ______ officers.

A)parole
B)probation
C)police
D)community supervision

Question 24

The decision to arm probation and parole officers should be based on officer ______.

A)safety
B)authority
C)power
D)confidence

Question 25

With which population of offenders is electronic monitoring particularly useful?

A)violent offenders
B)property offenders
C)drunk drivers
D)sex offenders

Question 26

Failing to report to your probation officer would be considered a ______ violation.

A)technical
B)substantive
C)procedural
D)major

Question 27

What is meant by saying parole officers supervise individuals at the back end of the sentencing continuum?

A)They supervise individuals with extensive criminal histories.
B)They supervise individuals after a sentence has been imposed.
C)They supervise individuals with a suspended prison sentence.
D)They supervise individuals who have been released from prison.

Question 28

Which is another term to describe boot camps?

A)halfway house
B)shock incarceration
C)day reporting center
D)shock probation

Question 29

Maureen is a 17-year-old first offender who has been convicted of larceny.Which of the following punishments is she most likely to receive?

A)shock probation
B)electronic monitoring
C)house arrest
D)incarceration

Question 30

Melinda is a pregnant woman who is incarcerated at a women's prison.Once per month, she receives medical care for her pregnancy at an outside facility.Which of the following does this describe?

A)halfway house
B)furlough
C)day reporting center
D)shock incarceration

Question 31

Which alternative to incarceration involves a brief exposure to incarceration followed by a subsequent release back into the community?

A)boot camps
B)shock probation/parole
C)day reporting centers
D)intensive supervision

Question 32

Which of the following refers to the range of sentencing options that fall between freedom and prison?

A)dockets
B)caseloads
C)sanctions
D)impositions

Question 33

Which of the following has the goal of limiting the number of generally low-risk offenders who enter prison?

A)enhancement program
B)diversion program
C)shock incarceration
D)furlough

Question 34

The average number of individuals a probation or parole officer supervises at any given time is known as a(n) ______.

A)docket
B)caseload
C)itinerary
D)workload

Question 35

The two types of electronic monitoring devices are ______.

A)active and passive
B)medium and high
C)high and low frequency
D)analog and cellular

Question 36

Which describes an action in which the probation or parole is taken away, leading to the offender being placed in prison?

A)graduated sanction
B)intermediate sanction
C)incremental hearing
D)revocation heading

Question 37

Which of the following is a short-term jail program that places offenders in quasi-military programs to instill discipline and work ethic?

A)boot camps
B)day reporting center
C)electronic monitoring
D)restitution centers

Question 38

Which of the following describes how jail inmates are able to leave jail for a certain period of time to receive medical care or attend to a family crisis?

A)parole
B)probation
C)shock incarceration
D)furlough

Question 39

What combination of intermediate sanctions seems to have the least likelihood of re-arrest?

A)shock incarceration and intensive probation
B)shock incarceration and electronic monitoring
C)house arrest and probation
D)house arrest and electronic monitoring

Question 40

With which sanction do offenders receive a sentence of detention in their place of residence, with their compliance often monitored electronically?

A)house arrest
B)intensive supervision probation
C)boot camp
D)day reporting center

Question 41

Which rehabilitative approach allows offenders to serve their sentence in a state-run or for-profit facility in hopes of transitioning to life outside of prison?

A)halfway house
B)furlough
C)day reporting center
D)shock incarceration

Question 42

Probation and parole officers perform very similar functions and, in some cases, combined as single departments in many jurisdictions.

Question 43

What do many American citizens view as a shortcoming of the criminal justice system?

A)Punishments for offenders are too relaxed.
B)Crimes are acts against the state.
C)Legislation does not emphasize victim protection.
D)Sentences rarely include incarceration.

Question 44

What occurs once an offender's risks for recidivism are identified in the risk-need-responsivity model?

A)incarceration of offender in low-security prison
B)house arrest with passive electronic monitoring
C)implementation of specific treatment intervention
D)determination of the degree of predictive accuracy of assessment tool used

Question 45

One might describe restorative justice as ______.

A)victim-driven
B)offender-driven
C)officer-driven
D)judge-driven

Question 46

Probation and parole officers have very clear distinctions in their roles and functions and experience less stress than other professionals working in the criminal justice system.

Question 47

Which of the following does restorative justice emphasize?

A)face-to-face encounters between victim and offender
B)heavier protection of the victim
C)determination of ways to transform offender
D)rehabilitation and recovery of the victim

Question 48

Programs and principles that operate on the assumption that using trained personnel to identify individual offenders' risk and needs and then responding to those needs with the best combination of services and supervision with the goal of reducing recidivism are referred to as ______.

A)intensive supervision programs
B)intermediate sanctions
C)risk-need-responsivity model
D)data needs inventory

Question 49

In 1878, Massachusetts passed the first probation statute.

Question 50

Restorative justice views crime as something that affects victims and ______.

A)law enforcement
B)the entire community
C)legislators
D)the entire criminal justice system

Question 51

There are two possible types of parole violations that can be committed: technical and substantive.

Question 52

In determining an individual's appropriateness for probation supervision, judges only take into consideration the offender's prior record and whether the current offense involved violence of any kind.

Question 53

The perception that crime affects the community as a whole and that the community must be healed and made whole again through an offender's remorse, service, and restitution is known as ______.

A)reintegrative shaming
B)community justice
C)community participation
D)restorative justice

Question 54

If a person violates the conditions of probation, the judge is only allowed to impose the minimum prison sentence as punishment.

Question 55

Which of the following is a type of electronic monitoring?

A)intermittent
B)probationary
C)intensive
D)passive

Question 56

The U.S.Supreme Court case Morrissey v.Brewer (1972) held that probationers facing violation proceedings are entitled to certain due process protections.

Question 57

Victims of crime are among the most important groups of individuals the parole board hears when making a parole determination.

Question 58

Walter Crofton developed a "ticket of leave" system that allowed prison inmates early release and supervision in the community.

Question 59

Which of the following is thought to be a risk factor for recidivism?

A)close association with family
B)poor marital relationships
C)average school or work performance
D)prosocial behavior

Question 60

The word "probation" stems from the Latin term "probis," which means releasing individuals who promise to return to the court.

Question 61

Restorative justice works to remove the barriers between victims and offenders.

Question 62

Describe the development of parole in the United States.

Question 63

Substantive violations occur when the probationer commits a new criminal offense.

Question 64

Probation officers are not responsible for performing searches, seizing evidence, and arranging for drug testing.

Question 65

Probation and parole experts agree that officers should not be expected to supervise caseloads of more than 60 offenders at any given time.

Question 66

Boot camp program utilization has increased dramatically in recent years with the redesigned elements of strenuous workouts, physical agility training, and marching.

Question 67

Explain some of the factors the judge or prosecutor may take into account when considering a probation violation.

Question 68

Explain why there is no precise number of offenders a probation or parole officer can be expected to effectively supervise.

Question 69

Explain how house arrest works.

Question 70

Judges consider whether the victim was an active or passive participant in the crime when evaluating the eligibility of an offender for probation.

Question 71

What three elements need to be present for an intervention to be an effective alternative to incarceration?

Question 72

Active forms of electronic monitoring give supervising officers real-time information related to the offender's location and what they are doing at any given time.

Question 73

House arrest is an alternative to incarceration whereby offenders are detained at home and often electronically monitored.

Question 74

A real alternative to incarceration needs to be able to incapacitate, must be unpleasant enough to deter, and must provide real and credible protection for the community.

Question 75

What are some of the shared functions of probation and parole officers?

Question 76

Describe how day reporting centers operate.

Question 77

Despite the name, intensive supervision does not constitute a tremendous strain on offenders, who would much rather be on intensive supervision than incarcerated.

Question 78

Describe the relative pros and cons of intensive supervision for offenders.

Question 79

Discuss the negative impact of high caseload numbers on probation and parole officers' ability to supervise offenders.

Question 80

Illustrate the rationale behind using restorative justice principles in community corrections.