Deck 15: Juvenile Justice: Philosophy, Law, and Practices

Question 1

Facilities in which children worked an 8-hour day at various trades while attending at least 4 hours of school were known as ______.

A)reformatories
B)houses of refuge
C)jails
D)detention centers

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which statement is true about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act?

A)It required that juveniles be kept with adults in the same institution.
B)It established the first juvenile court in the United States.
C)It defined the purpose of the court to be deterrence rather than rehabilitation.
D)It allowed juveniles to be executed for crimes committed before they turn 14 years old.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Where was the first house of refuge located?

A)New York
B)Chicago
C)Los Angeles
D)Tennessee

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What was the main impetus for establishing separate correctional facilities for juvenile offenders?

A)Adult prisons were overcrowded.
B)The adult system was overwhelmed with cases.
C)Juveniles were committing more serious crimes.
D)Juries did not want to see children incarcerated with adults.

Question 5

Which of the following was a provision of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974?

A)It required juvenile detention centers to provide educational programs.
B)It authorized housing juveniles in secure detention and correctional facilities.
C)It prohibited housing juveniles in institutions with convicted adult offenders.
D)It established the code of status offenses.

Question 6

Which individual has committed a status offense?

A)Mary, a teenager, is caught drinking alcohol.
B)Navid, a 14-year-old, is caught plagiarizing a paper.
C)Jones, a middle-aged man, is caught stealing lumber from the construction jobsite where he works.
D)Marty, a 17-year-old, is arrested for sexual assault.

Question 7

Which feature of the juvenile justice system is intended to minimizes stigma and labeling?

A)youth confidentiality
B)separation from adults
C)community-based corrections
D)individualized justice

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A)prostitution
B)violating curfew
C)shoplifting
D)assault

Question 9

Children from which of the following backgrounds are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior?

A)affluent
B)poor
C)middle class
D)uneducated

Question 10

Which of the following was one of the provisions of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act?

A)It adhered to a rigid, formalized structure for court proceedings.
B)It held open court proceedings and records for cases involving juveniles.
C)It defined a rehabilitative rather than punitive purpose for the juvenile court.
D)It created a special court for children under age 12.

Question 11

What is another term for the premise that a defendant is assumed to be innocent until guilt is established beyond a reasonable doubt?

A)presumption of innocence
B)in loco parentis
C)beyond a preponderance of a doubt
D)double jeopardy

Question 12

In which state was the first juvenile court established?

A)Illinois
B)Indiana
C)Iowa
D)New York

Question 13

Which act prevented the placement of any juveniles in any institutions where they would have regular contact with adults convicted of criminal charges?

A)Human Rights Act of 1998
B)Civil Rights Act of 1957
C)Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974
D)Juvenile Justice Act of 2000

Question 14

Emily was detained by the police when she failed to attend school for the last several days in favor of smoking in the park.She has engaged in what type of offense?

A)juvenile crime
B)status offense
C)delinquent waiver
D)bill of attainder

Question 15

Actions considered criminal when committed by a juvenile are known as ______ offenses.

A)status
B)delinquent
C)dysfunctional
D)petty

Question 16

When the state acts in place of the parent, it is said to be acting ______.

A)via de la rosa
B)guardian ad litem
C)in lieu patriae
D)in loco parentis

Question 17

Which factor is considered one of the most critical influences on juvenile development?

A)self-control
B)socioeconomic status
C)academic achievement
D)family background

Question 18

What type of facilities were designed to segregate youthful offenders from adult criminals, remove them from adverse home environments until they were reformed, and help youth avoid idleness?

A)reformatories
B)houses of refuge
C)jails
D)detention centers

Question 19

Which of the following is one of the underlying principles of the juvenile courts?

A)the presumption of the best interest of the minor
B)the presumption of delinquency
C)the presumption of consistent contact with the system
D)the presumption the state needs to take a role in the life of the child

Question 20

The sentiment that the state is the ultimate parent of a child and has the authority to step in when a biological parent is unwilling or unable to sufficiently care for the child is known as ______.

A)guardianship
B)habeas corpus
C)parens patriae
D)fostering

Question 21

Some authors believe there is a(n) ______ pipeline.

A)arrest-to-prison
B)birth-to-prison
C)school-to-prison
D)job-to-prison

Question 22

Molly was arrested 20 hours ago.She is brought before a judge for a hearing.Which hearing is Molly experiencing?

A)initial hearing
B)sentencing hearing
C)disposition hearing
D)detention hearing

Question 23

What juvenile justice goal advocates that if possible, the youth should be placed in their community?

A)youth confidentiality
B)separation from adults
C)community-based corrections
D)individualized justice

Question 24

What is the primary basis of the contrast between the juvenile and adult criminal justice process?

A)the state
B)federal legislation
C)terminology
D)the verdict

Question 25

Roberto is Michelle's guardian ad litem.She was arrested for shoplifting.After meeting with Michelle and her family, Roberto recommends to the judge that she perform community service and participate in a program meant to deter shoplifting.At what point in the juvenile justice process is Michelle?

A)detention hearing
B)disposition hearing
C)residential placement
D)decision hearing

Question 26

In which of the following situations would the doctrine of in loco parentis take hold?

A)when parents adequately take care of their children
B)when a juvenile is neglected or abused by their parents
C)when a juvenile is apprehended while committing a status offense
D)when a juvenile commits a crime

Question 27

Disintegrative shaming and reintegrataive shaming are associated with which problem of juvenile justice?

A)the school to prison pipeline
B)status offending
C)parens patriae
D)labeling

Question 28

What is considered the MOST important goal of the juvenile justice system?

A)informal outcomes
B)restorative justice
C)separation from adult offenders
D)confidentiality

Question 29

Which situation would diminish the idealistic contrast between juvenile and adult court process?

A)when a child is physically abused or neglected
B)when a child is sexually abused or neglected
C)when a child commits a heinous crime
D)when a child requests that parental ties be severed

Question 30

______ is one of the most potent influences on juvenile development.

A)Family dysfunction
B)Educational success
C)Peer influence
D)Employment status

Question 31

At the point of arrest, who makes the decision on whether to send the matter to the juvenile justice system or to divert the case into an alternative program?

A)police officer
B)prosecutor
C)defense attorney
D)judge

Question 32

At the detention hearing, the ______ reviews the case and determines if continued detention is necessary.

A)prosecutor
B)defense attorney
C)judge
D)probation officer

Question 33

Who makes the determination if there is sufficient evidence to prove the allegation against the juvenile?

A)parents
B)judge
C)law enforcement
D)intake officer

Question 34

Which of the following can be described as an attempt to reconnect the stigmatized person to the larger society?

A)reintegrative shaming
B)disintegrative shaming
C)restorative shaming
D)retributive shaming

Question 35

What occurs at a detention hearing?

A)The judge reviews the case and determines if the delinquent should be detained or released.
B)The judge decides the merits of the case and reaches a decision.
C)The judge receives dispositional recommendations.
D)The judge determines whether detention of the delinquent was constitutional.

Question 36

The notion that students who are expelled from school for disruptive behavior are then consigned to the homes and neighborhoods of negative influences where their problems began, causing them to become stigmatized, more hardened and embittered, and often more engaged in criminality is called ______.

A)mass incarceration
B)the school-to-prison pipeline
C)educational apathy
D)the Hawthorne effect

Question 37

Who is usually responsible for the court intake function for juvenile offenders?

A)judge
B)defense attorney
C)juvenile probation department
D)police officer

Question 38

James was suspended from school for a week and was left unsupervised at home.Over the course of the week, James reconnected with several deviant friends that are in a local gang.He ended up joining the gang and engaging in petty crimes.What concept does this example illustrate?

A)labeling
B)parens patriae
C)the school-to-prison pipeline
D)in loco parentis

Question 39

Sixteen-year-old Charlie was adjudicated delinquent for a threatening offense and was committed to the juvenile department of corrections.What happens once he is released?

A)He will be ordered to a period of aftercare monitoring.
B)He will be released to probation supervision.
C)He will be moved to a halfway house.
D)He will be released from custody with no further court involvement.

Question 40

At the ______ hearing, recommendations for the final outcome (sentence) are presented to the judge.

A)disposition
B)arraignment
C)adjudication
D)initial

Question 41

The primary sanction utilized by the juvenile justice system is probation supervision.

Question 42

Recent findings suggest that most youth who join a gang remain active for how many years?

A)a lifetime
B)10 years
C)5 years
D)12 years

Question 43

Most youth who join a gang stay in the gang for an extended period of time.

Question 44

In J.d.b.v.North Carolina (2011), what did the Supreme Court rule for the first time?

A)Juveniles do not have rights to a Miranda warning.
B)When being questioned in school, juveniles are not legally considered to be in custody and do not require a Miranda warning.
C)Age must be considered when determining whether or not a suspect is aware of their rights.
D)Parents must always be present before a juvenile is questioned.

Question 45

The primary purpose of the juvenile justice system is to operate in the best interests of preserving public safety.

Question 46

What was the key effect of the U.S.Supreme Court's decision In Re Gault?

A)It prohibited the imposition of a life sentence without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders.
B)It extended the absolute right to a trial by jury to juvenile offenders.
C)It extended the right to counsel to juvenile offenders.
D)It extended basic due process protections to juvenile offenders.

Question 47

What concept describes the concern that a juvenile will never be redeemed in the eyes of the community?

A)labeling
B)parens patriae
C)the school-to-prison pipeline
D)in loco parentis

Question 48

Juvenile aftercare is the process of monitoring juvenile offenders after they complete an outpatient substance abuse treatment program.

Question 49

Persons in need of supervision (PINS) would include runaways, truants, and other status offenders.

Question 50

Imagine you are a policy-maker in a metropolitan area.You want to develop an evidence-based policy to target gang activity in your city.Which of the following policies would you adopt first?

A)focusing primarily on increasing punishments for first-time gang-related offenses as well as hard-core gang members
B)funding for increased patrolling gang neighborhoods and arresting any individuals who are suspected of gang involvement
C)focus primarily on funding for arresting hard-core gang members and police weaponry
D)a multi-faceted approach that provides vocational training, parental training, and training for police to better understand the communities they serve

Question 51

The concept of parens patriae allows the state to act in place of parents who are not sure how to handle the delinquent behavior of their children.

Question 52

In which U.S.Supreme Court case did the Court find that juveniles do not have an absolute right to a trial by jury?

A)J.d.b.v.North Carolina (2011)
B)Breed v.Jones (1975)
C)McKeiver v.Pennsylvania (1971)
D)Kent v.United States (1966)

Question 53

Family dysfunction, substance abuse, and poor academic performance are all considered correlates to juvenile delinquency.

Question 54

The presumption of innocence is the hallmark not only of the adult system but of the juvenile justice system as well.

Question 55

In which U.S.Supreme Court case did the Court clarify a juvenile's right to counsel?

A)J.d.b.v.North Carolina (2011)
B)Miller v.Alabama (2012)
C)Kent v.United States (1966)
D)In re Winship (1970)

Question 56

In which case did the U.S.Supreme Court rule that police cannot avoid reading a youth his or her Miranda warnings simply by questioning the child at school, away from the child's parents?

A)J.d.b.v.North Carolina (2011)
B)Breed v.Jones (1975)
C)Miller v.Alabama (2012)
D)Kent v.United States (1966)

Question 57

Why is it difficult to arrive at a common definition of a youth gang?

A)Most of their activity is illegal.
B)Members are frequently minors.
C)State and local jurisdictions often devise their own definitions.
D)Gangs are becoming more and more rare.

Question 58

What is the burden-of-proof standard for juvenile court system cases?

A)preponderance of the evidence
B)beyond a reasonable doubt
C)reasonable suspicion
D)probable cause

Question 59

The first houses of refuge were commissioned by the U.S.government to alleviate overcrowding in adult prisons.

Question 60

Research suggests that the school-to-prison pipeline is heavily influenced by racial discrimination.

Question 61

Children from affluent background are less likely to engage in delinquent behavior.

Question 62

Explain the rationale of the U.S.Supreme Court in forbidding the imposition of life without possibility of parole sentences for nonhomicidal offenses.

Question 63

Up to two-thirds of youths will be rearrested and one-third will be reincarcerated within a few years after release.

Question 64

What is the rationale behind confidentiality of juvenile court proceedings and records?

Question 65

What was the substantive ruling in the U.S.Supreme Court case of Kent v.United States (1966)?

Question 66

Explain the juvenile justice system goal of individualized justice for minors.

Question 67

What are the three underlying principles of the juvenile courts?

Question 68

The age rang for youth gang members is narrow, 18-20 years.

Question 69

List some of the acts that would be considered status offenses.

Question 70

Some authors believe that the school-to-prison pipeline is grounded in racial discrimination.

Question 71

According to research, Hispanic youth fare worse in schools than African American youth.

Question 72

A number of due process protections have been extended to juvenile offenders, such as the right to counsel, advance notice of charges, cross-examination of witnesses, and the privilege against self-incrimination.

Question 73

What standard of proof did the U.S.Supreme Court clarify for juvenile court case In Re Winship?

Question 74

Which due process rights were extended to juvenile offenders in the case of In Re Gault?

Question 75

A civil gang injunction is a court order issued in a civil case against a criminal street gang and its members to prohibit certain behavior within a defined safety zone.

Question 76

In the case of J.d.b.v.North Carolina, the U.S.Supreme Court ruled that when questioning juveniles at school without parents present, the police do not have to read youths their Miranda rights.

Question 77

In Breed v.Jones (1975), the Court concluded that the Fifth Amendment protected juveniles from double jeopardy, or being tried twice for the same offense.

Question 78

What is one of the benefits of the demise of the life without parole sentence for juvenile youth?

Question 79

Elucidate the sanction of residential placement in the juvenile court system.

Question 80

The movement or assigning of a juvenile offender to an adult court is referred to as remand.