Deck 16: Unconscious Motivation

Question 1

When Sigmund Freud first defined psychodynamics, his central concept was:
(a)fantasy.
(b)identity.
(c)repression.
(d)sublimation.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The subject matter of psychoanalysis is:
(a)how relatively weak needs are replaced by relatively strong needs.
(b)identifying and understanding social realities rather than social façades.
(c)the promotion and actualization of mental health.
(d)the unconscious.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which developmental sequence accurately describes the trajectory of mature ego development?
(a)conformist, conscientious, impulsive, self-protective, symbiotic
(b)impulsive, symbiotic, conformist, self-protective, conscientious
(c)impulsive, symbiotic, self-protective, conscientious, conformist
(d)symbiotic, impulsive, self-protective, conformist, conscientious

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The conclusion that much of mental life is unconscious is largely accepted as:
(a)false.
(b)true.
(c)true for mammals (including humans)but false for non-mammals.
(d)true for non-mammals but false for mammals (including humans).

Question 5

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures:
(a)attachment style
(b)ego strength
(c)object relations
(d)unconscious attitudes

Question 6

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy has always been to:
(a)allow unconscious, rather than conscious, mental forces to regulate motivation, emotion, behavior, and social interaction.
(b)promote and understand the actualization of the human potential.
(c)silence unconscious mental processes so as to free the human mind to act rationally.
(d)understand the confusing activities of the unconscious so as to free the ego to deal effectively with reality.

Question 7

Consider the following dream: "A whole crowd of children-all of her brothers, sisters, and cousins-were romping in a field.Suddenly they all grew wings, flew away, and disappeared." The anxiety-provoking, hidden, and symbolic meaning of the dream as a death wish represents the dream's:
(a)basic hedonic tone.
(b)latent content.
(c)manifest content.
(d)memory-consolidating function.

Question 8

The brain structure that corresponds best to ego functions and principles is the:
(a)frontal lobes of the neocortex
(b)hippocampus
(c)reticular activating system
(d)subcortical brain structures

Question 9

According to psychoanalysis, the basic purpose of dreaming is:
(a)memory consolidation
(b)neurophysiological venting
(c)problem solving
(d)wish venting

Question 10

______is the procedure that evokes an implicit response from an individual upon exposure to a stimulus that is outside his or her conscious awareness.
(a)Activation
(b)Cueing
(c)Displacement
(d)Priming

Question 11

A person's habitual, learned manner of defense against anxiety is called:
(a)identification.
(b)object relations.
(c)personality.
(d)sublimation.

Question 12

In psychoanalysis, the mental clashing of forces of "will versus counter-will" and "force versus counterforce" is known as:
(a)catharsis.
(b)psychodynamics.
(c)the pathogenic secret.
(d)the posthypnotic suggestion.

Question 13

Researchers use the analogy of a pilot competently driving an airplane by using the automatic pilot feature to characterize which aspect of the unconscious?
(a)Adaptive unconscious
(b)Freudian unconscious
(c)Implicit motivation
(d)Instinctive unconscious
(e)Unconscious suppression

Question 14

The ______runs on automatic pilot as it carries out countless computations and innumerable adjustments during acts such as driving a car and playing the piano.
(a)adaptive unconscious
(b)Freudian unconscious
(c)primary process
(d)secondary process

Question 15

Motivational and emotional processes frequently operate parallel with one another such that people commonly want and fear the same thing at the same time. This statement describes:
(a)ego developmental trajectories.
(b)objects relations theory.
(c)psychodynamics.
(d)the in moratorium process.

Question 16

The following features describe what aspect of the unconscious mind?: Automatic, intuitive, fast, efficient, and first impressions.
(a)Adaptive unconscious
(b)Freudian unconscious
(c)Implicit motivation
(d)Instinctive unconscious
(e)Unconscious suppression

Question 17

______describes motivational processes that are difficult to articulate or measure, linked to emotional experiences, and orient people to attend automatically to environmental events that have emotional associations.
(a)Conscious motivation
(b)Implicit motivation
(c)The automatic unconscious
(d)The Freudian unconscious

Question 18

The brain structure(s) that corresponds best to id functions and processes is the:
(a)frontal lobes of the neocortex
(b)hippocampus
(c)reticular activating system
(d)subcortical brain structures

Question 19

One manifestation of the Eros (instincts for life) is ________, while one manifestation of the Thanatos (instincts for death) is ________.
(a)affiliation; gambling
(b)hope; aggression
(c)hope; prejudice
(d)sex; tickling

Question 20

Which of the following is not a core principle that organizes contemporary psychodynamic theory:
(a)Healthy development involves moving from an immature personality to a mature personality.
(b)Mental representations of self and others form in childhood and guide later social motivations and relationships.
(c)Much of mental life is unconscious.
(d)Therapy works when the therapist discovers, understands, and removes the client's unconscious childhood traumas.

Question 21

Research on subliminal processes, such as department store broadcasts of "If you steal, you will get caught," shows that such subliminal marketing messages routinely:
(a)fail to influence people's behavior.
(b)fail when presented visually but succeed when presented auditorally.
(c)succeed in influencing people's behavior.
(d)succeed in influencing people's behavior when they are fatigued but not when they are alert.

Question 22

Defense mechanisms that are most immature are those in which the individual:
(a)blocks external reality or fails to acknowledge it.
(b)recognizes reality but casts the disturbing aspects of an event away from the self.
(c)deals only with the short-term anxiety but not with long-term adjustment problems.
(d)reframes the stressor as a harmless, nonthreatening event.

Question 23

_______refers to the process of forgetting information or an experience in a way that is conscious, intentional, and deliberate.
(a)Automaticity
(b)Repression
(c)Suppression
(d)Transference

Question 24

Which of the following experiences is central to object relations theory?
(a)goal pursuit
(b)growth-seeking
(c)the non-Freudian unconscious
(d)parental abuse and neglect

Question 25

Which one of the following lists of defense mechanisms is correctly arranged from least mature (on left) to most mature (on right)?
(a)denial, fantasy, sublimation, projection
(b)denial, projection, rationalization, sublimation
(c)rationalization, projection, denial, sublimation
(d)reaction formation, rationalization, fantasy, projection

Question 26

______theory studies how people satisfy the psychological need for relatedness through the mental representation of, and actual attachments to, other people.
(a)Ego identity
(b)Object relations
(c)Self-enhancement
(d)Self-verification
(e)Subliminal activation

Question 27

According to the study of psychodynamics, continued suppression of a thought will build up a potent counterforce that drives the unwanted thought toward becoming a(n):
(a)defense mechanism.
(b)obsession.
(c)ritualization.
(d)traumatic press on the preconscious mind.

Question 28

The book portrays psychoanalysis's view of human nature as relatively deterministic and pessimistic. In what ways is psychoanalysis deterministic?
In what ways is it pessimistic?

Question 29

Which of the following individuals is most likely to experience depression? The person with:
(a)immature defense mechanisms and nonstressful life circumstances.
(b)immature defense mechanisms and stressful life circumstances.
(c)mature defense mechanisms and nonstressful life circumstances.
(d)mature defense mechanisms and stressful life circumstances.

Question 30

_______is an example of an immature defense mechanism, and _______is an example of a mature defense mechanism.
(a)Denial; sublimation
(b)Denial; fantasy
(c)Rationalization; displacement
(d)Humor; repression

Question 31

According to object relations theory, the quality of one's mental representations of relationships can be characterized by each of the following, except:
(a)capacity for emotional involvement.
(b)benevolent versus malevolent unconscious tone.
(c)mutuality of autonomy with others.
(d)supports versus interferes with one's thinking.

Question 32

According to Anna Freud, Vaillant, and others, a defense mechanism is mature if it:
(a)accepts instinctual energies and channels them into socially acceptable outlets.
(b)casts disturbing aspects of the self away and therefore reduces anxiety.
(c)recognizes reality and all the disturbing aspects of the self.
(d)successfully distorts reality.

Question 33

To test "terror management theory", researchers routinely use a ______manipulation.
(a)humor induction
(b)mortality salience
(c)stress
(d)"You at your best"

Question 34

_______refers to the process of forgetting information or an experience in a way that is unconscious, unintentional, and automatic.
(a)Automaticity
(b)Repression
(c)Suppression
(d)Transference

Question 35

What is the difference between "psychoanalysis" and "psychodynamics"?

Question 36

Which of the following represents a criticism or recognized shortcoming of the psychoanalytic study of unconscious motivation?
(a)Bad is stronger than good.
(b)It is difficult to put felt emotion aside for unconscious motivation..
(c)It is difficult to know what the unconscious really wants.
(d)It is a wonderful interpretive device for events that occurred in the past but is woeful as a predictive device.

Question 37

An individual's perceived competence in dealing with environmental challenges, demands, and opportunities is _________. The greater this sense of competence is, the
Stronger the person's desire to seek out new and challenging interactions with the
Environment.
(a)congruence
(b)ego differentiation
(c)ego effectance
(d)sublimation

Question 38

Research on object relations theory revolves around understanding the motivational significance of people's:
(a)conscious wish for social status and upward social mobility.
(b)physiological need to keep anxiety at bay.
(c)psychological need for relatedness with others.
(d)unconscious wish for sexual sublimation.

Question 39

Which of the following is the more likely outcome of a smoker's repeated efforts to suppress the thought of smoking a cigarette?
(a)Over time, the suppression will give way to repression.
(b)The longer the person tries to suppress the thought, the more his or her chances to do so will be increased.
(c)The person will be able to suppress the thought, at least for a day or two.
(d)The thought will gradually become more and more like an obsession.

Question 40

Which of the following is not a tell-tale sign that an anxiety-reducing course of action is a defense mechanism?
(a)It functions to deny or distort the person's understanding of reality.
(b)It is unconscious rather than deliberate and intellectual.
(c)It produces a positive emotional experience.
(d)Its use is immediate-almost reflexive-rather than deliberate.

Question 41

According to Sigmund Freud, motivation arises from id-based instinctual drives (i.e., Eros and Thanatos). According to the NeoFreudians (Hartmann, White, and Anna Freud), motivation can further arise from the ego. Identify and briefly discuss the nature of this ego-based motivation.

Question 42

Explain the role of the adaptive unconscious in the motivation and regulation of behavior.

Question 43

The book offers two criticisms of a psychoanalytic approach to the study of motivation. Name and briefly discuss these two criticisms.

Question 44

Summarize Freud's dual-instinct theory of motivation-his hydraulic theory of motivation in which energies emanate from instinctual drives.

Question 45

Object relations theory focuses on how childhood mental representations of one's caretakers are captured within the child's personality and persist into adulthood. Describe the nature of the mental representations that persist into adulthood.

Question 46

Contrast the key features of the adaptive conscious vs.the conscious mind.

Question 47

Explain the role of implicit motivation in the motivation and regulation of behavior.

Question 48

Name (list) the four postulates that define contemporary psychodynamic theory.

Question 49

In psychoanalysis, the id obeys the pleasure principle, while the ego obeys the reality principle. Describe both the pleasure principle and the reality principle.

Question 50

Explain the conditions under which thought suppression produces a rebound effect for the unwanted thought.What can a person do to prevent this rebound effect from becoming an obsession? If so, how?

Question 51

In terms of adults' interpersonal relationships, people with secure mental models of self, others, and relationships experience more positive outcomes than do people with insecure and dysfunctional mental models. Explain why this is so.

Question 52

Defense mechanisms such as sublimation are psychologically healthier than defense mechanisms such as fantasy.Explain why the former are categorized to be more psychologically healthy than are the latter.

Question 53

Outline "terror management theory".In doing so, explain how this theory explains low
anxiety.

Question 54

Why did the NeoFreudians feel the need to expand Freud's view of motivation?
What did they emphasize that Freud did not?

Question 55

What evidence can you bring to bear in answering the question,
"Do the id and ego personality structures actually physically exist?"

Question 56

Describe how the adaptive unconscious and the conscious mind (System 1 and System 2)
work together to produce skilled coping and adapting.

Question 57

What is ego effectance? Explain how effectance motivation enables the ego to initiate and direct behavior in a way that is independent of id energies.

Question 58

Outline the typical psychoanalytic experimental procedure to study thought suppression.

Question 59

Briefly describe the ego's means of curbing the id's instinctual drives in each of the following stages of ego development: symbiotic, impulsive, self-protective, conformist, and conscientious.