Deck 15: Growth Motivation and Positive Psychology

Question 1

In the humanistic tradition, the two fundamental directions for healthy development are:
(a)autonomy and heteronomy.
(b)autonomy and openness.
(c)autonomy and socialization.
(d)heteronomy and openness.
(e)heteronomy and socialization.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Maslow estimated that ___% of the population reaches self-actualization.
(a)less than 1
(b)about 5
(c)about 10
(d)about 25
(e)about 50

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Maslow, deficiency needs:
(a)are relatively weak needs compared to growth needs.
(b)constitute the unconscious sources of motivation.
(c)dominate consciousness until gratification submerges them.
(d)explain little in the study of motivation.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Who wrote the following: "The organism has one basic tendency and striving-to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing self."
(a)Anna Freud
(b)Sigmund Freud
(c)Abraham Maslow
(d)Carl Rogers
(e)Robert White

Question 5

______describes the extent to which the individual accepts versus denies and rejects the full range of his or her personal characteristics, abilities, desires, and beliefs.
(a)Congruence and incongruence
(b)Self-actualization and self-deactualization
(c)Self-definition and social definition
(d)Subjective well-being and eudaimonic well-being

Question 6

______is an inherent developmental striving.It is a process of leaving behind defenses and moving toward autonomous self-regulation.
(a)Identity
(b)Internalization
(c)Self-actualization
(d)Self-esteem

Question 7

Which of the following would Maslow classify as a "growth" need?
(a)belongingness
(b)esteem
(c)self-actualization
(d)all of the above

Question 8

Humanistic theorists emphasize that human beings are motivated to:
(a)develop their full potential.
(b)find ways to merge intimately and completely with another person or with other people.
(c)reduce anxiety.
(d)resolve unconscious conflicts from childhood that would otherwise undermine self-actualization.

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of the themes proposed by Maslow's need hierarchy?
(a)Needs arrange themselves in the hierarchy according to potency or strength.
(b)Needs vary in how innate they are, as some are innate and others are learned.
(c)Needs in the hierarchy are fulfilled sequentially, from lowest to highest.
(d)The lower the need in the hierarchy, the sooner it appears in development.

Question 10

Humanistic psychology is mostly about:
(a)discovering human potential and encouraging its development.
(b)resolving psychological conflicts and overcoming psychological addictions.
(c)studying the healthy aspects of the psychological unconscious mind.
(d)conducting a scientific study of feelings and perceptions.

Question 11

The ______is an innate capacity to judge for oneself whether a specific experience is growth-promoting or growth-debilitating.
(a)congruence process
(b)Jonah Complex
(c)organismic valuation process
(d)self
(e)self-actualization tendency

Question 12

Which theoretical traditions are consistent with a humanistic approach to motivation?
(a)behaviorism
(b)holism, Gestalt psychology, and existentialism
(c)incentives, drives, and arousal
(d)objectivism and logical positivism

Question 13

______is considered by humanistic psychologists as the "forward thrust of life".
(a)Causality orientation
(b)Organismic valuing
(c)Self-definition
(d)The actualization tendency

Question 14

The essential question investigated by those who study positive psychology is:
(a)How can unconscious intentions be discovered and then used productively?
(b)How long can people live?
(c)How many emotions do human beings have?
(d)What can be?

Question 15

With which of the following statements would Maslow most likely disagree?
(a)Growth needs are relatively weak, fragile needs.
(b)Growth needs are stronger in potency than are deficiency needs.
(c)Humans possess a number of innate needs.
(d)Only about 1% of the population ever reaches self-actualization

Question 16

As an individual learns from parents and peers what behaviors and characteristics are "good and bad" and "right and wrong," he or she learns:
(a)characteristics necessary for the emergence of the self.
(b)conditions for self-actualization.
(c)conditions of the fully functioning individual.
(d)conditions of worth.

Question 17

According to humanistic psychology, the everyday choice of following one's inner nature or following cultural priorities is not a neutral one.People generally follow social preferences and priorities because:
(a)following social messages predicts adjustment, while following inner guides predicts maladjustment.
(b)following social messages corresponds with high interpersonal competence, while following inner guides corresponds with low interpersonal competence.
(c)social messages are strong, while inner guides are subtle.
(d)social messages are reliable and valid, while inner guides are unreliable and invalid.

Question 18

Compared to people who pursue inner guides such as self-actualization, people who devote their lives to the pursuit of the American dream (money, fame, popularity):
(a)come from small families (i.e., there are few children in the household).
(b)have a greater capacity to experience flow.
(c)show gains in psychological well-being.
(d)suffer more psychological distress.

Question 19

Positive psychology investigates:
(a)amotivation.
(b)overt measurable behaviors, not subjective experiences.
(c)positive subjective experiences, such as creativity.
(d)the ongoing intrapsychic clashing of mental forces.

Question 20

______is a way of receiving information and feelings such that neither is repressed, ignored, filtered, or distorted by wishes, fears, or past experiences.
(a)Empathy
(b)Integrative functioning
(c)Love
(d)Openness

Question 21

Which of the following is not a core question within positive psychology study?
(a)Is it possible for people to become happy?
(b)What could be?
(c)What makes a good life?
(d)What makes me special?

Question 22

The motivation for a person with an autonomy causality orientation revolves around:
(a)intrinsic motivation and identified regulation.
(b)introjected regulation and identified regulation.
(c)extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation.
(d)extrinsic motivation and introjected regulation.

Question 23

Which of the following parenting styles is most likely to lead children to experience pressure-driving functioning, emotional suppression, and a tendency to
Self-aggrandizement after success and self-criticism after failure:
(a)autonomy support
(b)laissez-faire
(c)positive conditional regard
(d)negative conditional regard

Question 24

When participants were asked to rate possible intrinsic goals and extrinsic goals and then, 20 minutes later, were asked to rate how important these two categories of goals were to them, the results showed that during the second (20 minutes) later:
(a)participants integrated their intrinsic and extrinsic goals into one single goal category.
(b)participants increased their ratings of how important the intrinsic goals were to them.
(c)participants increased their ratings of how important the extrinsic goals were to them.
(d)all of the above

Question 25

The more people strive for validation, the more likely they are to:
(a)develop high self-esteem and high self-concept certainty.
(b)keep depression at bay, especially in potentially uncontrollable environments.
(c)persist at a task with strong effort and with positive emotion.
(d)suffer high anxiety during social interaction.

Question 26

Carl Rogers did not like the term teacher because he felt that the only learning that mattered was student-initiated learning.Instead of teacher, he preferred the term:
(a)coach
(b)educator
(c)facilitator
(d)instructor

Question 27

Positive conditional regard is:
(a)giving love and affection for obedience and achievement.
(b)love
(c)offering support to another person.
(d)taking away love and affection for disobedience and failure.

Question 28

Internalization of "good and bad" and "right and wrong" learned from our parents:
(a)moves the person away from basic needs such as love and belongingness.
(b)moves the person away from the organismic valuation process.
(c)moves the person toward becoming a fully functioning individual.
(d)produces congruence between the actualizing tendency and the self-actualizing tendency.

Question 29

___individuals accept external definitions that pressure them to identify with stereotypical identities and ways of behaving that are appropriate for their social group.
(a)Fully functioning
(b)Self-actualizing
(c)Self-defined
(d)Socially defined

Question 30

Validation-seeking individuals strive to:
(a)create opportunities for personal growth, learning, and self-improvement.
(b)prove their self-worth, competence, and likeability.
(c)reject controlling conditions of worth imposed upon them by parents and society.
(d)reject stereotypical identities imposed upon them by society.

Question 31

The consensus in humanistic thinking about the problem of evil is that evil:
(a)can be reversed or healed rather easily, given the existence of warm interpersonal relationships.
(b)does not exist.
(c)is not inherent in human nature.
(d)occurs in both supportive and coercive interpersonal climates.

Question 32

To the extent that people rely on external guides (e.g., social cues, incentives) to initiate and regulate their behavior in a habitual or personality-like way, they have a(n):
(a)actualizing tendency.
(b)autonomy causality orientation.
(c)control causality orientation.
(d)self-esteem.

Question 33

Causality orientations reflect ______in the personality.
(a)desire for control
(b)identity and/or self-concept
(c)internalized social roles
(d)self-determination

Question 34

Which one of the following happiness exercises is not a recommended approach to therapy within positive psychology therapy?
(a)Avoid the daily mistake
(b)identification of signature strengths
(c)gratitude visit
(d)three good things in life

Question 35

Which motivational phenomenon explains why some people base their behavior on inner guides and self-determined forces while others base their behavior on social guides and environmental incentives?
(a)basic needs and complex needs
(b)causality orientations
(c)self-actualization
(d)self-definition

Question 36

The following statement describes _____: The individual perceives himself as having characteristics a, b, and c and feelings u, v, and w, but that same person publicly expresses characteristics d, e, and f and feelings x, y, and z.
(a)congruence
(b)fully functioning individual
(c)incongruence
(d)self-actualization

Question 37

The _____is characterized by a relative insensitivity to inner guides and closer attention to behavioral incentives, cues, and pressures that exist in the environment.
(a)autonomy causality orientation
(b)congruent personality structure
(c)control causality orientation
(d)fully functioning individual
(e)impersonal causality orientation

Question 38

The fundamental assertion of positive psychology therapy is that:
(a)early childhood trauma blocks the person's capacity, even willingness, for personal growth.
(b)good mental health requires more than the absence of mental illness.
(c)to thrive, people need to seek pleasure and the absence of problems (i.e., hedonic well-being).
(d)to thrive, people often need to put on the equivalent of rose-colored glasses and see only the good side of life.

Question 39

To socialize children and adolescents, adults sometimes attempt to create in children and adolescents "internal compulsions" to do what the adult wants them to do and believe. This socialization strategy is called:
(a)conditional regard.
(b)heteronomous socialization.
(c)organismic validation.
(d)unconditional regard.

Question 40

Victor Frankl's logotherapy addresses the pursuit of which virtue central to positive psychology?
(a)altruism
(b)enjoyment
(c)flow
(d)meaning

Question 41

What is the difference between a deficiency need and a growth need?
Give one example of each type of need.

Question 42

According to the broaden-and-build theory of positivity, people flourish when they experience what ratio of positive emotions to negative emotions in their daily life?
(a)1-to-1
(b)1.5 to 1
(c)2 to 1
(d)2.5 to 1
(e)3 to 1

Question 43

Explain why validation-seeking individuals are more likely than growth-seeking individuals to suffer high anxiety during social interaction.

Question 44

Which of the following positive psychology exercises has empirical research shown to be the most effective in increasing happiness and in decreasing depression?
(a)Becoming exercise
(b)Gratitude visit
(c)One step forward
(d)Value the self

Question 45

In the Cultivating Compassion intervention, researchers developed the CCT (Compassion Cultivating Training) program to help members of a community cultivate a greater capacity for compassion.Level of worry:
(a)decreased for both the control and experimental participants.
(b)increased for controls and decreased for experimental participants.
(c)were unchanged for the control participants and higher for the experimental participants.
(d)for the control group were unchanged, while the experimental participants reported significant decreases in worry.

Question 46

What is positive psychology? How it is similar to, and how is it different from, humanistic psychology?

Question 47

Outline the Rogerian model of the process of moving toward versus moving away from self-actualization, congruence, and becoming a fully functioning individual.

Question 48

Describe the actualizing tendency and explain its significance in motivation and growth psychology.

Question 49

What did Rogers mean by the terms congruence and incongruence?
How do they relate to the fully functioning individual?

Question 50

Identify any three positive subjective experiences investigated by positive psychology and explain how each contributes positively to the person's mental well-being and positive functioning.

Question 51

Illustrate conditional regard as a socialization strategy (e.g., as in parenting) and explain its effects on the socialized (e.g., the child).

Question 52

Compassion can be learned, as through engaging in exercises such as:
(a)causality orientation training
(b)facial expression of emotion training
(c)meditation training
(d)organismic valuing training

Question 53

Contrast a top-down holistic approach to motivation study with a bottom-down analytic approach to motivation study.

Question 54

What are conditions of worth? What role do they play in growth motivation?

Question 55

Seeking out challenges, exerting effort, being fully engaged and experiencing flow in what one is doing, acting on one's true values, and feeling fully alive and authentic describes:
(a)emergence of the self
(b)eudaimonic well-being
(c)holism
(d)self-definition
(e)subjective well-being

Question 56

Most people are:
(a)emotionally miserable
(b)happy 99% of the time
(c)high in mindfulness
(d)mildly happy most of the time
(e)mildly unhappy most of the time

Question 57

People who are optimistic in their youth tend to be ______in their older ages.
(a)disillusioned
(b)happy
(c)mindful
(d)narcissistic
(e)pessimistic

Question 58

Greater mindfulness tends to:
(a)improve one's temperament.
(b)lessen one's defensive tendencies toward distortion and suppression.
(c)promote one's tendency to offer positive conditional regard to others.
(d)translate one's social definition into a self-definition.

Question 59

The "hot seat technique" is a therapeutic strategy to help people learn how to be more:
(a)compassionate
(b)empathic
(c)integrated
(d)optimistic

Question 60

According to Rogers, what life events cause an individual to become dissociated from his or her actualizing tendency?

Question 61

Name and briefly discuss the two key antecedents of individuals being able to achieve greater eudaimonic well-being.

Question 62

Summarize the "broaden-and-build" theory of positivity.In doing so, explain how positive emotion leads individuals to greater mental, social, and physical resources.

Question 63

Generally speaking, explain the motivational forces that explain why a person becomes a terrorist (e.g., suicide bomber).

Question 64

How do people create meaning in their lives?

Question 65

Define and differentiate between hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being.
What does one do to enhance or fulfill eudaimonic well-being?

Question 66

What is mindfulness, and what benefits does it bring to the individual?

Question 67

Provide the rationale humanists rely on to answer this question in the affirmative:
Do we as a society dare trust a person to be self-determining?

Question 68

Identify (name) and then debate the validity of any two criticisms of the humanistic approach to motivation study.

Question 69

From a humanistic point of view, explain how a person develops a malevolent (evil) personality.

Question 70

Explain why autonomy-oriented individuals generally succeed in maintaining their long-term changes in behavior (e.g., weight loss, smoking cessation), whereas control-oriented individuals generally fail to maintain such behavior change over time.

Question 71

Select any one positive subjective experience investigated by positive psychology (e.g., optimism, meaning). Explain how that personal strength:
(1) fosters personal growth and well-being.
(2) prevents human sickness (e.g., depression) from taking root in the person's personality.

Question 72

Illustrate any one happiness exercise inherent within positive psychology therapy-name it, describe what one does, and identify its goal or benefit to the person.