Deck 5: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations

Question 1

From where does a person's high level of extrinsic motivation come?
(a)environmental incentives, consequences, and rewards
(b)growth motivation
(c)internalized sources of motivation
(d)psychological need satisfaction

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which is the best characterization (description) of operant conditioning?
(a)A person performs some action, and depending on what happens as a consequence of that action, the likelihood of that same behavior occurring again
Will either increase or decrease.
(b)Automatic responses become associated with new stimuli when they occur at the same time.
(c)Over time and with repeated experience, the person changes how to best understand a concept or problem.
(d)The person is exposed to a great deal of information, the person relates the new information to preexisting knowledge, and then organizes all the new information in a coherent way.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following sentences best captures the spirit of extrinsic motivation?
(a)Building high confidence is the antidote to anxiety and avoidance.
(b)Do this in order to get that.
(c)Doing, or saying, is believing.
(d)Motivation is the joint product of expectancy times value.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Reinforcement is to _____, as punishment is to _____.
(a) extinction; satiation
(b) promoting behavior; suppressing behavior
(c) satiation; extinction
(d) suppressing behavior; promoting behavior

Question 5

People experience intrinsic motivation because:
(a)of forethought and self-reflection.
(b)of interrelationships among contingency, cognition, and activity.
(c)people are sensitive to extrinsic rewards.
(d)people have innate psychological needs.

Question 6

If a person receives a paycheck for coming to work on time, then the worker becomes more likely to come to work on time in the future. This example illustrates that the paycheck acts as a(n):
(a)incentive.
(b)negative reinforcer.
(c)positive reinforcer.
(d)punisher.

Question 7

The behavioral view of learning assumes that learning is essentially a change in behavior, and this view emphasizes the effects of___as the cause of that learning?
(a)behavioral anchors
(b)environmental stimuli
(c)knowledge, schemas, and scripts
(d)psychological needs

Question 8

A(n) _is any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement.
(a)consequence
(b)incentive
(c)need
(d)reward

Question 9

The study of extrinsic motivation revolves around three central concepts. Which of the following is not one of those concepts?
(a)incentive
(b)need
(c)punishment
(d)reward

Question 10

Which of the following events leads to the learning of escape and avoidance behaviors?
(a)extinction
(b)negative reinforcement
(c)positive reinforcement
(d)rewards
(e)none of the above

Question 11

A teacher gives a child a time-out for teasing a classmate, and then the time-out succeeds in making the child's future teasing behavior less likely in the future. This example illustrates that the time-out acts as a(n):
(a)incentive.
(b)negative reinforcer.
(c)positive reinforcer.
(d)punisher.

Question 12

When a drill instructor uses orders, commands, directives, and in-your-face shouts to increase recruits' compliance, his approach to motivation relies heavily on:
(a)offering extrinsic incentives.
(b)promoting self-regulation.
(c)providing explanatory rationales.
(d)satisfying psychological needs.

Question 13

From where does a person's high level of intrinsic motivation come?
(a)It emerges spontaneously from psychological needs.
(b)It is learned over time from experiences of praise and positive feedback.
(c)It is the product of positive incentives and positive reinforcers.
(d)It comes from social models who show high intrinsic motivation in their lives.

Question 14

The behavioral act of taking out the garbage in order to stop your roommate's persistent nagging to do so results in ___for the act of taking out the garbage.
(a)extinction
(b)negative reinforcement
(c)positive reinforcement
(d)punishment

Question 15

A(n) ___is an environmental object that occurs before the start of a sequence of behavior and attracts or repels the individual to engage or not in the behavior.
(a)consequence
(b)incentive
(c)need
(d)punisher

Question 16

Which of the following events increases the future probability of a behavior?
(a)extinction
(b)negative reinforcement
(c)nonreinforcement
(d)punishment

Question 17

Consider two different ways of motivating others by using rewards. First way: "Good job, you improved your penmanship nicely."
Second way: "If you improve your penmanship today, then I'll give you a reward."
Why is the first way more effective and less harmful (in terms of side effects) than is the second way?
(a)The first way offers people a clear, easy-to-follow structure in which to behave.
(b)The first way is very informational; it informs the person's sense of a job well done.
(c)The first way makes assessment of the penmanship easier and more objective, and this is true for both the student and the teacher.
(d)The first way is not more effective because people do not respond well to verbal reinforcers.

Question 18

A(n) ___is an attractive environmental object that occurs at the end of a sequence of behaviors and acts to increase the probability that the behavior will recur.
(a)consequence
(b)incentive
(c)need
(d)reward

Question 19

If a person takes an aspirin and the aspirin makes a headache go away, then the person becomes more likely to take an aspirin for a headache in the future. This example illustrates that the aspirin acts as a(n):
(a)incentive.
(b)negative reinforcer.
(c)positive reinforcer.
(d)punisher.

Question 20

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: S : R $\rightarrow$ C. What does the "C" stand for?

A)commitment
B)compassionate care
C)consequence
D)control

Question 21

If a person engages in an intrinsically motivating activity and begins to receive extrinsic rewards for doing so, what happens to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations?
(a)Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.
(b)Intrinsic increases, while extrinsic decreases.
(c)Both decrease.
(d)Both increase.

Question 22

Which one of the following is not a "hidden cost of rewards?"
(a)Rewards tend to undermine goal-directed effort.
(b)Rewards tend to undermine intrinsic motivation.
(c)Rewards tend to undermine the development of autonomous self-regulation
(d)Rewards tend to undermine conceptual understanding and the quality of learning.

Question 23

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so the teacher won't yell at me."?
(a)external regulation
(b)identified regulation
(c)intrinsic motivation
(d)introjected regulation

Question 24

Which of the following statements is not supported by empirical research?
(a)Rewards decrease a learner's ability to learn factual information.
(b)Rewards interfere with quality of learning by narrowing the learner's attention.
(c)Rewards lead learners to quit learning once they attain the extrinsic reward.
(d)Rewards make a learner more susceptible to negative emotions like frustration.

Question 25

If a musician who enjoys playing music "for fun" begins to receive money for playing music at weddings week after week, what is most likely to happen to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to play music in the future?
(a)Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.
(b)Intrinsic increases, while extrinsic decreases.
(c)Both decrease.
(d)Both increase.

Question 26

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is informational means that it:
(a)communicates either a job done well or a job done poorly.
(b)is more likely to act as a positive reinforcer than a negative reinforcer.
(c)provides an incentive to increase motivation.
(d)signals that extrinsic motivation exceeds intrinsic motivation.

Question 27

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is controlling means that it:
(a)acts more like a negative reinforcer than a positive reinforcer.
(b)coerces a person into doing some particular act.
(c)communicates a job well done.
(d)provides an incentive to increase motivation.

Question 28

In the Lepper et al.(1973) study in which children received good player awards for a drawing activity, in which experimental condition did children show the largest decrease in their later intrinsic motivation to draw?
(a)children in the no-reward condition
(b)children in the expected reward condition
(c)children in the unexpected reward condition
(d)children who showed little or no intrinsic motivation at the start of the study

Question 29

Extrinsic rewards do not always undermine intrinsic motivation, as some types of extrinsic rewards are more undermining than other types. All of the following are undermining characteristics of extrinsic rewards, except:
(a)controlling.
(b)expected.
(c)novel.
(d)tangible.

Question 30

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so I won't feel guilty or ashamed of myself."?
(a)external regulation
(b)identified regulation
(c)intrinsic motivation
(d)introjected regulation

Question 31

Which of the following ways of delivering praise best supports the intrinsic motivation of the other person? Saying:
(a)Good job, you improved by 10%.
(b)Good job, but you must try harder next time.
(c)Good job, please keep it up because you make me so proud.
(d)Good job, you did just what you were supposed to do.

Question 32

Which type of motivation is most closely associated with the following orientation: "Do this in order to get that," where the "this" is the requested behavior?
(a)amotivation
(b)intrinsic motivation
(c)extrinsic motivation
(d)all of the above

Question 33

___emerges spontaneously from psychological needs, personal curiosities, and innate strivings for growth.
(a)Achievement motivation
(b)Extrinsic motivation
(c)Identified regulation
(d)Intrinsic motivation

Question 34

Which of the following is not an assumption of cognitive evaluation theory?
(a)All external events have a controlling aspect.
(b)All external events have an informational aspect.
(c)All external events promote intrinsic motivation.
(d)All people possess psychological needs for competence and autonomy.

Question 35

Lepper et al.'s study with preschool children with the drawing activity and good player awards found that the extrinsic reward decreased intrinsic interest only when children received:
(a)an award for drawing better than the other children.
(b)an expected award for drawing.
(c)an unexpected award for drawing.
(d)multiple rewards.

Question 36

Which statement concerning negative reinforcement and punishment is most true?
(a)They have the same effect on behavior.
(b)The first refers to incentives, while the second refers to consequences.
(c)They have opposite effects on behavior.
(d)They are synonyms-different words for the same concept.

Question 37

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard because my school work is an important and valuable thing to do."?
(a)external regulation
(b)identified regulation
(c)intrinsic motivation
(d)introjected regulation

Question 38

In understanding how interpersonal competition affects people's intrinsic motivation, each of the following statements is true, except:
(a)Competition undermines intrinsic motivation when the social context pressures people to win.
(b)Losing in competition undermines intrinsic motivation because of its effect on decreasing the person's sense of competence.
(c)People experience high intrinsic motivation in competition when competition allows them to feel both highly autonomous and highly competent.
(d)People who win in a high-pressure competition show high intrinsic motivation.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true? Extrinsic rewards:
(a)enhance creativity, or cognitive flexibility in general.
(b)successfully help promote autonomous self-regulation.
(c)lead learners to seek out and approach optimally challenging versions of the task.
(d)shift a learner's attention away from task mastery and toward potential extrinsic gains.

Question 40

Which of the following is a benefit of extrinsic rewards?
(a)Rewards can increase autonomous self-regulation.
(b)Rewards can promote conceptual understanding of the information to be learned.
(c)Rewards can promote creativity.
(d)Rewards make an otherwise uninteresting task suddenly seem worth pursuing.

Question 41

State the argument for and the argument against the following statement:
Extrinsic motivators are positive contributors to motivation.

Question 42

Outline the words a teacher might use to motivate a student to try hard on an uninteresting task by promoting that student's identified regulation.

Question 43

The book asks the question, What is a reinforcer? Provide a practical answer in terms of its effect on behavior, and provide a theoretical answer in terms of why it has this effect on behavior.

Question 44

Internalization refers to the process through which an individual:
(a)begins to see uninteresting activities as if they were now interesting ones.
(b)combines the three psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
(c)transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation into an internally- endorsed one.
(d)transform old interjects into new (improved)introjects.

Question 45

If a person uttered the following two quotes, what would be the most likely source of his or her amotivation:___ o "The task has no appeal or meaning to me."
O "I am not interested in this task."
(a)lack of autonomy (i.e., autonomy deficit)
(b)lack of competence (i.e., competence deficit)
(c)lack of relatedness (i.e., relatedness deficit)
(d)lack of safety (i.e., safety deficit)

Question 46

From the viewpoint of operant conditioning, explain the meaning of each of the following five terms: S : R $\rightarrow$ C. [S, colon, R, arrow, C]

Question 47

Answer the following question and explain your

Question 48

Amotivation:
(a)is almost always balanced (or offset)by motivation.
(b)is the best motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning.
(c)is the worst motivational state to possess in terms of day-to-day functioning.
(d)starts with motivation but ends with amotivation.
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
Multiple-Choice Test Questions

Question 49

Apply cognitive evaluation theory to explain the motivational dynamics involved in either praise or interpersonal competition.

Question 50

Explain why motivation researchers argue that why a person receives a reward is
at least as important in predicting its effects on motivation as is what reward is
given.

Question 51

According to cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. What does it mean to say that an external event is controlling, and what does it mean to say that an external event is informational?

Question 52

List any two hidden costs of rewards. Explain why extrinsic rewards produce these two hidden costs.

Question 53

An externally provided rationale works as a motivational strategy during an uninteresting activity because it can:
(a)calm and alleviate the person's anxiety and arousal.
(b)increase desired behavior and decrease undesired behavior.
(c)increase internalization, valuing, and identified regulation.
(d)provide the person with an opportunity to perform high-frequency, not just low-frequency, behaviors.

Question 54

Outline the typical experimental procedure to test the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

Question 55

Define punishment and negative reinforcement. Explain how to distinguish between the two.

Question 56

Explain the following research conclusion: Extrinsic rewards interfere with the process and quality of learning.

Question 57

Define and give one example of each of the following: positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer, punisher, reward.

Question 58

Answer the following question and explain your

Question 59

According to self-determination theory, the motivation that needs to be most enhanced in asking another person to engage in an uninteresting but important activity
(e)g., recycling, cleaning) is to promote:
(a)amotivation.
(b)external regulation.
(c)introjected regulation.
(d)identified regulation.

Question 60

Explain the role that environmental incentives, consequences, and rewards play in the initiation and regulation of extrinsic motivation.

Question 61

Explain how an externally provided rationale can increase a person's self-determined
motivation to engage in an uninteresting but important task with high effort.

Question 62

Explain what a person who was asked to engage in a very boring (i.e., uninteresting)
activity could do to at least temporarily boost their interest by using "interest-enhancing
strategies".

Question 63

Explain why motivation researchers recommend that practitioners who are trying to
motivate others to engage in inherently uninteresting activities recommend the offering of
explanatory rationales rather than incentives or rewards.

Question 64

What causes amotivation?