Deck 6: Psychological Needs

Question 1

Flow occurs when:
(a)personal competence is greater than activity challenge.
(b)personal competence is less than activity challenge.
(c)personal competence and activity challenge are both high
(d)none of the above

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The hallmarks of autonomy psychological need satisfaction are:
(a)effectance, mastery, and making progress
(b)feeling socially connected and both giving and receiving care and benevolence
(c)understanding and gaining control over environment events
(d)volitional action and wholehearted self-endorsement of that action

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements about an autonomy-supportive motivating style is true?
(a)Autonomy support cannot be given but, rather, must come from within.
(b)It enhances one's own motivation more than other people's motivation.
(c)It can be augmented by the controlling motivating style in order to increase an internal locus of causality.
(d)It enhances not only other people's motivation, development, and psychological well-being, but also their performance.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

___is the need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one's behavior, and it reflects the desire to have one's choices and preferences rather than environmental events determine one's actions.
(a)Autonomy
(b)Competence
(c)Relatedness
(d)Self-actualization

Question 5

Social contexts and environments that frustrate and thwart the person's psychological need for autonomy are referred to as:
(a)achievement-demanding.
(b)autonomy supportive.
(c)controlling.
(d)a-relational.

Question 6

Would the following example of a teacher-provided choice be expected to increase the receiving student's subsequent autonomy and intrinsic motivation: "Sam, for the next hour I want you to read a book, and I have three books here that you might like-A, B, and C. Which one of those three books would you like to read today?"
(a)No, such a choice would create too much anxiety such that the obligation to choose would overwhelm and interfere with the student's autonomy and intrinsic motivation.
(b)No, some choices increase autonomy and intrinsic motivation while other choices decrease them; this particular choice is most likely not to increase autonomy and intrinsic motivation.
(c)Yes, some choices increase autonomy and intrinsic motivation while other choices decrease them; this type of choice is particularly well suited to increase autonomy and intrinsic motivation.
(d)Yes, all choices increase autonomy and intrinsic motivation.

Question 7

Organismic theories of motivation argue that a person's (an organism's) well-being depends on:
(a)drive induction followed by drive reduction
(b)exposure to a supportive rather than a hostile environment
(c)instigation, inhibition, and consumption.
(d)pursuing pleasure and avoiding pain.

Question 8

When an individual possesses very high personal skills and competencies for a given activity and then engages in an activity with a very low opportunity for challenge, he or she will most likely experience:
(a)boredom.
(b)extrinsic motivation.
(c)flow.
(d)intrinsic motivation.

Question 9

In his research with chess masters, rock climbers, dancers, and surgeons, Csikszentmihalyi found that the fundamental antecedent to "flow" is that the activity must provide its participants with:
(a)an optimal challenge.
(b)extrinsic rewards.
(c)rich collative properties.
(d)the presence and reassurance of friends or confidants.

Question 10

The autonomy-supportive behavior of ___revolves around communicating words and sentiment such as "I see", "Yes", "Okay", and "What can we do differently this time?"
(a)acknowledge and accept expressions of negative affect
(b)display patience
(c)introduced valued extrinsic motivators
(d)provide explanatory rationales for requests

Question 11

___is the need to be effective in interactions with the environment, and it reflects the desire to exercise one's capacities and skills and, in doing so, seek out and master optimal challenges.
(a)Competence
(b)Relatedness
(c)Self-actualization
(d)Autonomy

Question 12

According to Csikszentmihalyi's flow theory, the worst profile of experience occurs when:
(a)skill is high and challenge is high.
(b)skill is low and challenge is high.
(c)skill is high and challenge is low.
(d)skill is low and challenge is low.

Question 13

Which of the following is not recognized as a benefit gained following an experience of psychological need satisfaction?
(a)engagement
(b)internalization
(c)perfectionism
(d)personal growth
(e)well-being

Question 14

When an activity involves our psychological needs, we tend to feel high ___; when that same activity satisfies our psychological needs, we tend to feel high ___.
(a)affect; emotion
(b)emotion; affect
(c)enjoyment; interest
(d)interest; enjoyment

Question 15

"Targets a prescribed behavior" and "applies pressures" are the two defining characteristics of what type of motivating style?
(a)autonomy-supportive
(b)controlling
(c)mastery oriented
(d)success oriented

Question 16

A person who communicates an interpersonal tone of, "I am your ally; I am here to understand you and to support your strivings" offers a(n) ____motivating style.
(a)autonomy-supportive
(b)competence-supportive
(c)flow-supportive
(d)structure-enhancing

Question 17

The greater one's effectance motivation, the greater one's desire to seek out and approach situations that:
(a)allow the person to relate to others in a way that is warm and meaningful.
(b)are ambiguous, or at least are creativity-enhancing.
(c)challenge existing skills and competencies.
(d)promise positive feedback.

Question 18

A prerequisite environmental condition that allows people to engage freely in optimal challenges and to experience optimal motivation even in the face of failure is:
(a)easy successes.
(b)entity ways of thinking and planning.
(c)failure tolerance.
(d)provision of incentives and rewards.

Question 19

The hallmarks of competence psychological need satisfaction are:
(a)effectance, mastery, and making progress
(b)feeling socially connected and both giving and receiving care and benevolence
(c)understanding and gaining control over environment events
(d)volitional action and wholehearted self-endorsement of that action

Question 20

With which of the following statements would an intrinsic motivation theorist most readily agree?
(a)People are inherently active.
(b)People are inherently passive.
(c)People seek rewards and avoid punishments.
(d)Most human motivation arises from the motivating aspects of the environment.

Question 21

Identify the six benefits from experiences of psychological need satisfaction.
First, list each of the six benefits and then give an everyday example of each benefit.

Question 22

Which of the following is not considered to be evidence that people have a psychological need for relatedness?
(a)Once formed, people are reluctant to break social bonds or relationships.
(b)So many people from so many different cultures eventually get married.
(c)Social bonds between people seem to form so easily.
(d)We go out of our way to create a relationship when given the opportunity to interact with others in face-to-face interactions.

Question 23

What is a psychological need, and how is a psychological need different from other needs
(e.g., physiological)?

Question 24

In the study of children's experience of enjoyment after solving anagrams with different levels of difficulty, children expressed the greatest enjoyment (through smiling) after solving problems that were:
(a)very easy.
(b)easy.
(c)hard.
(d)very hard.

Question 25

When people have days that allow them to feel autonomous, competent, and interpersonally related, they are more likely to agree with which of the following statements:
(a)"I feel energized."
(b)"I feel like casting off my cares and playing hooky today."
(c)"I need to rest."
(d)"I deserve a reward, like a prize-a really good prize."

Question 26

___partners give benefits such as money and time with the expectation of receiving comparable benefits in the near future.
(a)Communal
(b)Exchange
(c)Both communal and exchange
(d)Neither communal nor exchange

Question 27

Which aspect of partner responsiveness is described?: $\bullet$ My partner likes me and accepts me as I am.
$\bullet$ My partner values and appreciates me and my view on the world.

A)care
B)self-actualization
C)sociability
D)understanding
E)validation

Question 28

According to the textbook, an environmental challenge does not create the psychological experience of being challenged until one additional ingredient is added to the experience. That ingredient is:
(a)an obstacle of some kind.
(b)performance feedback information.
(c)social comparison information.
(d)the presence of an audience.

Question 29

The following two reasons to help illustrate what two types of relationships: First reason: "I want to help because of the distress on your face." Second reason: "I want to help you so that you will help me in return."
(a)antisocial; prosocial
(b)prosocial; antisocial
(c)communal; exchange
(d)exchange; communal

Question 30

Which of the following is not considered to be a competence-enabling, constructive aspect of an experience of failure?
(a)Failure prompts people to recognize their need for advice and instruction.
(b)Failure prompts people to revise and improve the quality of their coping strategies
(c)Failure shows the performer his or her performance level relative to others.
(d)Failure urges people to identify its causes (and eventual remedy).

Question 31

Define autonomy (as a psychological need).
Discuss how it relates to
(a)intrinsic motivation and
(b)extrinsic motivation.

Question 32

_provides the social context in which internalization occurs.
(a)Authoritarian parenting
(b)Relatedness to others
(c)Relationship reciprocity
(d)Social exchange

Question 33

Which of the following is not an essential aspect of the provision of structure?
(a)clear expectations
(b)constructive feedback
(c)cooperation and teamwork
(d)how-to guidance

Question 34

According to the textbook, people are most likely to say "I had a good day" or "I had a good class today" when:
(a)need satisfaction and need frustration are experienced with a sense of balance.
(b)need satisfaction is highly volatile (goes up and down a lot)
(c)the event allows them to experience psychological need satisfaction
(d)the event allows them to gain access to expected, tangible rewards

Question 35

___is the need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people, and it reflects the desire to be emotionally connected to and interpersonally involved with significant others in warm relationships.
(a)Autonomy
(b)Competence
(c)Relatedness
(d)Self-actualization

Question 36

The primary condition that involves the need for relatedness is ___, while the primary condition that satisfies the need for relatedness is _____.
(a)loneliness, love
(b)love, loneliness
(c)partner responsiveness, social interaction
(d)social interaction, partner responsiveness

Question 37

Which of the following is not a core aspect of relatedness support?
(a)Cooperation and teamwork
(b)Friendly communication
(c)Individualized conversation
(d)Positive feedback
(e)Showing care

Question 38

A student who asks the following questions would benefit most from a teacher providing which element of competence-supportive structure?: $\bullet$ Am I doing this correctly?
$\bullet$ Will I be able to do well?
$\bullet$ How can I get better on this task?

A)clear directives
B)clear expectations
C)constructive feedback
D)how-to guidance

Question 39

Provide a definition for autonomy as a psychological need. List and briefly illustrate one environmental event that tends to involve and nurture the need for autonomy; list and briefly illustrate one environmental event that tends to frustrate and thwart the need for autonomy.

Question 40

Structure enhances engagement because it involves and satisfies the need for:
(a)being appreciated.
(b)competence.
(c)relatedness.
(d)autonomy.

Question 41

Explain the distinction between exchange and communal relationships.
Explain why each type of relationship does or does not satisfy the need for relatedness.

Question 42

Defend flow theory's assertion that any activity can be made to be an enjoyable one. To make any task more enjoyable, what two factors can be fined-tuned or adjusted? Explain.

Question 43

List and provide a brief example for each of the six elements of an autonomy-supportive motivating style.

Question 44

Provide a definition for relatedness as a psychological need. List and briefly illustrate one environmental event that tends to involve and nurture the need for relatedness; list and briefly illustrate one environmental event that tends to frustrate and thwart the need for relatedness.

Question 45

State any three positive learning/developmental benefits that research shows to be
associated more with an autonomy-supportive than with a controlling environment.
Pick one of these three and explain why autonomy support promotes it.

Question 46

Discuss how error tolerance (or failure tolerance) contributes to the experience of, and motivation for, optimal challenge.

Question 47

Explain this idea: Psychological needs function as psychological nutriments to
positive psychological well-being.

Question 48

Explain "the conundrum of choice."

Question 49

What is vitality? Explain how the experiences of autonomy, competence, and
relatedness need satisfaction function as psychological nutriments that allow people to
feel vital.

Question 50

Explain why students are more likely to drop out of school when their educational lives reflect controlling, rather than autonomy-supportive, relationships.

Question 51

Define competence as a psychological need.List and briefly illustrate one environmental event that tends to involve and nurture the need for competence; list and briefly illustrate one environmental event that tends to frustrate and thwart the need for competence.

Question 52

Outline (perhaps in a chart) one environmental event that involves, and one environmental event that satisfies, each of the three psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Question 53

Use Csikszentmihalyi's model of flow to outline the theoretical relationship between level of challenge offered by an activity on the one hand and the individual's level of competence on the other.State the emotional consequences of matches and mismatches between activity challenge and personal competence.

Question 54

Explain the role psychological needs play in helping a person have "a good day."

Question 55

Identify each of the three key aspects of a highly structured environment.
Provide a brief example of what a person who provided high structure would say or do
while providing each of these three aspects of structure.

Question 56

The textbook argues that psychological need satisfaction underlies and explains
"what makes for a good (happy, satisfied) day." Explain how daily psychological need
satisfaction experiences explain when a person does and does not have a "good day."

Question 57

Summarize how Harter's research findings with the grade school children solving anagrams showed that people experience pleasure most in a context of optimal challenge.

Question 58

Why does "acknowledging and accepting expressions of negative affect" work as a motivational strategy to promote both autonomy and positive outcomes?