Deck 3: The Motivated and Emotional Brain

Question 1

The structure responsible for detecting and generating motivational states to respond to environmental threats and dangers is the:
(a)amygdala.
(b)anterior cingulate cortex.
(c)nucleus accumbens.
(d)reticular formation.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following structures plays a key role in arousal, alertness, and the process of awakening the brain so to process incoming sensory information?
(a)ventral tegmental area
(b)hippocampus
(c)medial forebrain bundle
(d)reticular formation

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The __specifically regulates the emotions involved in self-preservation, such as anger, anxiety, and fear.
(a)amygdala
(b)hippocampus
(c)hypothalamus
(d)reticular formation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

If a rat had a lesioned (surgically removed) amygdala and was then placed in the same room with a cat, what would the rat's behavior likely be? The rat would likely:
(a)appear tame, neutral, perhaps even playful.
(b)become hyper-aggressive, perhaps even attacking the cat.
(c)freeze with fear.
(d)show intense avoidance, probably trying to find a quick place to hide.

Question 5

The __is a small brain structure that comprises less than 1% of the total volume of the brain. Despite its small size, it is a motivational giant associated with motivations such
As hunger and thirst.
(a)cerebellum
(b)hippocampus
(c)hypothalamus
(d)thalamus

Question 6

The ___brain is associated with urges and impulses and with emotion-rich motivations such as hunger, thirst, anger, fear, anxiety, pleasure, desire, reward, and wanting.
(a)cortical
(b)frontal
(c)hormonal
(d)subcortical

Question 7

Which of the following brain structures is most responsive to natural rewards in the regulation of eating, drinking, and mating.It also regulates both the endocrine system
And the autonomy nervous system?
(a)amygdala
(b)basal ganglia
(c)hypothalamus
(d)insula

Question 8

Which of the following brain structures detects, learns about, and responds to the stimulus properties of environmental objects, including both reward-eliciting and
Threat-eliciting properties?
(a)amygdala
(b)basal ganglia
(c)hypothalamus
(d)insula

Question 9

Which of the following structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "No, I don't want to do this."?
(a)amygdala
(b)hippocampus
(c)ventromedial prefrontal cortex
(d)right prefrontal cerebral cortex

Question 10

Which statement best describes the functioning of the human brain?
(a)Children use the subcortical (but not cortical)brain while adults use the cortical (but not the subcortical)brain.
(b)The cortical and subcortical brain regions are two interacting systems that are sometimes in competition and conflict with one another.
(c)The cortical brain processes information first and the subcortical brain then endows that information with motivational and emotional urges.
(d)The cortical brain processes positive emotional events, while the subcortical brain processes negative emotional events.

Question 11

Given the following scenario, what brain structure would be expected to be highly active? The person looks at a menu, trying to decide which item to order.
As she considers the options listed in front of her, her awareness of her past experiences
With the various items informs her decision to choose option A over option B.
(a)anterior cingulate cortex
(b)orbitofrontal cortex
(c)right prefrontal cortex
(d)septal area

Question 12

The anatomical starting point in the brain's dopamine-based reward system is the:
(a)amygdala
(b)basal ganglia
(c)hypothalamus
(d)ventral tegmental area

Question 13

One function of the left prefrontal cerebral cortex is to generate:
(a)approach motivation and emotion.
(b)arousal.
(c)behavioral inhibition during unexpected, surprising, or novel events.
(d)withdrawal motivation and emotion.

Question 14

Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "Yes, I like this; I want to."?
(a)amygdala
(b)left prefrontal cerebral cortex
(c)medial forebrain bundle
(d)reticular formation

Question 15

The brain's reward center.It responds to signals of reward to produce pleasure, wanting, liking, and approach.
(a)amygdala
(b)basal ganglia
(c)hypothalamus
(d)insula
(e)striatum

Question 16

The __controls the pituitary gland, hence the body's endocrine system.
(a)amygdala
(b)hippocampus
(c)hypothalamus
(d)reticular formation

Question 17

The __controls the autonomic nervous system, hence the body's fight-or-flight system (from sympathetic and parasympathetic activation).
(a)amygdala
(b)hippocampus
(c)hypothalamus
(d)reticular formation

Question 18

The human brain contains about ___neurons.
(a)100 thousand
(b)100 million
(c)100 billion
(d)100 trillion

Question 19

Which of the following structures is involved in generating avoidance motivation?
(a)left prefrontal cortex
(b)medial forebrain bundle
(c)basal ganglia
(d)right prefrontal cortex

Question 20

According to the textbook, the current gold standard for technology that allows us to look deeply inside the brain to monitor activity during a motivational or emotional state is the:
(a)BRAIN, Balanced Recording And Imagining Network.
(b)BOSS, Blood Oxygenation Sampling System.
(c)EEIT, ElectroEncephalogram Imaging Technique.
(d)fMRI, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Question 21

The ___evaluates the unlearned emotional value information of basic sensory rewards and internal bodily states.It is responsible for emotional control.
(a)anterior cingulate cortex
(b)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(c)insular cortex
(d)orbitofrontal cortex
(e)ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 22

____is associated with high competition, status-seeking, and sexual motivation. It is most strongly related to status-seeking behavior after social status has bene
Questioned or threatened.
(a)A-peptide
(b)Cortisol
(c)K-peptide
(d)Oxytocin
(e)Testosterone

Question 23

The ___is the brain's information-processing conflict detector.
(a)anterior cingulate cortex
(b)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(c)insular cortex
(d)ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 24

The ___stores and processes reward-related value information of environmental objects and events to formulate preferences and to make choices between options.
(a)anterior cingulate cortex
(b)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(c)insular cortex
(d)orbitofrontal cortex
(e)ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 25

______act as chemical messengers within the brain's central nervous system; act as chemical messengers within the body's endocrine system.
(a)Feeders; receivers
(b)Receivers; feeders
(c)Hormones; neurotransmitters
(d)Neurotransmitters; hormones

Question 26

People with relatively high activity in their right prefrontal lobes ("right-side asymmetry") show a relatively strong sensitivity to:
(a)how stimulating or how potentially arousing the environment is.
(b)potential fight-or-flight responses, especially emotions like anger and fear.
(c)potential signals of punishment and negative emotionality.
(d)potential signals of reward and positive emotionality.

Question 27

Wanting (needing something) and liking (experiencing pleasure) typically go hand-in-hand and complement one another.But, the two motivational experiences can
Diverge apart from one another, and that is typically what happens during:
(a)Addiction
(b)Play
(c)Romantic love
(d)Work

Question 28

Which of the following statements about the neural interventions between the frontal cortex and the amygdala is most true?
(a)The amygdala projects relatively many fibers upward to the frontal cortex, while the frontal cortex projects relatively few fibers down to the amygdala.
(b)The amygdala projects relatively few fibers upward to the frontal cortex, while the frontal cortex projects relatively many fibers down to the amygdala.
(c)The number of nerve fibers projected upward from the amygdala to the frontal cortex is about the same as the number of frontal cortex fibers projected to the amygdala.
(d)Dense fibers flow both ways-many amygdala fibers project upward to the frontal cortex, and many frontal cortex fibers project downward to the amygdala.

Question 29

Give an everyday example in which a day-to-day event activates a specific brain
structure, and also a second example in which an activated brain structure generates a specific motivational or emotional state.

Question 30

Provide one concrete example for each of the following principles in brain functioning:
a. Specific brain structures generate specific motivational states.
b. Day-to-day events stir biochemical agents into action.

Question 31

____is the so-called stress hormone that is typically released from the adrenal gland to prepare the body for a social-evaluative threat, such as public speaking.
(a)A-peptide
(b)Cortisol
(c)K-peptide
(d)Oxytocin
(e)Testosterone

Question 32

People with relatively high activity in their left prefrontal lobes ("left-side asymmetry") show a relatively strong sensitivity to:
(a)how stimulating or how potentially arousing the environment is.
(b)potential fight-or-flight responses, especially emotions like anger and fear.
(c)potential signals of punishment and negative emotionality.
(d)potential signals of reward and positive emotionality.

Question 33

The ___monitors bodily states (e.g., changes in pain, temperature, heart rate) to produce "gut-felt" feelings.
(a)anterior cingulate cortex
(b)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(c)insular cortex
(d)orbitofrontal cortex
(e)ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 34

Many antidepressants work by making which of the following more readily available?
(a)acetylcholine
(b)testosterone
(c)cortisol
(d)serotonin

Question 35

If you scanned a person's brain activity to find how much more chronic right-side asymmetry was in the activity of the right prefrontal cortex than in that of the left prefrontal cortex, you could expect the person's personality to be characterized as:
(a)extravert.
(b)external locus of control.
(c)internal locus of control.
(d)neurotic.

Question 36

The ___monitors motivational conflicts.It resolves emotional and decision-making conflicts by recruiting other cortical brain structures for executive control over basic urges and emotions.
(a)anterior cingulate cortex
(b)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(c)insular cortex
(d)orbitofrontal cortex
(e)ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 37

The ___is involved in processing both one's own feelings (e.g., intrinsic motivation) as well as the feelings and emotions of other people (e.g., empathy).
(a)anterior cingulate cortex
(b)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(c)insular cortex
(d)orbitofrontal cortex
(e)ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 38

If a person took a personality inventory and scored high on the BAS (Behavior Activating Style) and low on the BIS (Behavior Inhibition System) scales, what sort of personality would you expect from this person?
(a)happy but not neurotic
(b)neurotic but not happy
(c)happy and neurotic
(d)neither happy nor neurotic

Question 39

____is the so-called bonding hormone that typically motivates the "tend and befriend" coping response.This hormone raises levels of trust in others.
(a)A-peptide
(b)Cortisol
(c)K-peptide
(d)Oxytocin
(e)Testosterone

Question 40

The brain area most closely associated with the energization and inhibition of movement and motivated action is the:
(a)basal ganglia
(b)hippocampal network
(c)hypothalamus
(d)reticular formation

Question 41

Explain the difference between wanting and liking. Use a concrete example such as
nicotine addiction to illustrate the difference between wanting a reward and liking a
reward. Is there any difference?

Question 42

Explain the role the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays in the pursuit of a long-term goal.

Question 43

Explain the interrelationships between the right and left prefrontal cortex of the
brain and the person's subsequent experience of positive and negative emotionality.

Question 44

Explain how a person's amount of pleasure rises and falls in the typical pleasure cycle
(searching, consuming, and satiation).Then explain how a person's amount of pleasure
rises and falls in the muted pleasure cycle during addiction.

Question 45

Explain why cortisol is referred to as the so-called "stress hormone.

Question 46

Explain the role that the brain plays in hunger. Be specific in drawing the links between changes in the brain and corresponding changes in motivation.

Question 47

Explain the role the anterior cingulate cortex plays in resolving conflict to exert cognitive
control over decision-making.

Question 48

Explain why oxytocin is referred to as the bonding hormone.

Question 49

Explain the environmental conditions that lead to dopamine release in the brain.

Question 50

Explain the different functions of the posterior insula and the anterior insula in the
processing and experience of feelings.

Question 51

Identify one of the ways the hypothalamus triggers the body's fight or flight
response.

Question 52

Explain how brain researchers use fMRI (functional magnetic resonance
imaging) to look deep inside the human brain to observe brain-related changes
in motivational states.

Question 53

What is meant by the phrase "bidirectional communication" in the brain in reference to
the cortical and subcortical brain?

Question 54

Explain the role that the brain plays in fear. Be specific in drawing the links between changes in the brain and corresponding changes in motivation and emotion.

Question 55

Imagine a person has a goal, such as going to a party to make a new friend.Discuss the role of the prefrontal cortex in providing an approach versus avoidance emotional context for this "make a new friend" goal.

Question 56

Explain the role of the hormone testosterone when a person suffers a status-lowering life
event, such as losing a public competition.

Question 57

In the experience of reward, the brain generates a dopamine response.Explain what
happens in the brain from the exposure to an attractive environmental object to the
experience of reward-pleasure.

Question 58

Explain the role of the reticular formation in the generation and regulation of arousal level and in the process of awakening the brain's motivational and emotional concerns.