Deck 7: Nicotine and Caffeine

Question 1

Graduate student Pasquel is studies the effects of nicotine on nicotinic receptors. He finds that after a short period of time, nicotinic receptors close even if nicotine remains bound. This process is termed ____.

A) desensitization
C) detolerance
B) sensitization
D) tolerance

Answer 1

A

Question 2

CYP-2A6 enzymes metabolize 80 percent to 90 percent of nicotine, producing the active metabolite ____.

A) nornicotine
C) myosmine
B) cotinine
D) nicotine glucuronide

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Aaron is a non-smoker; Clarissa is a chronic smoker. What are the half-lives of nicotine likely to be for Aaron and Clarissa?

A) Aaron - about 2 hr; Clarissa - about 1.5 hr
B) Aaron - about 1.5 hr; Clarissa - about 2 hr
C) Aaron - about 17 hr; Clarissa - about 12 hr
D) Aaron - about 12 hr; Clarissa - about 17 hr

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Indigenous peoples in the Americas, including the Mayas, Incans, Toltecs, and Aztecs, smoked tobacco ____.

A) as part of a bonding ritual
B) to stay alert while hunting
C) as part of their religious practices
D) to alleviate pain and suffering from disease

Question 5

Nicotinic receptors are ____.

A) ionotropic only
C) either ionotropic or metabotropic
B) metabotropic only
D) neither ionotropic or metabotropic

Question 6

Which continent has the highest rates of tobacco use?

A) Asia
C) North America
B) Europe
D) South America

Question 7

Which form of nicotine best absorbs through mucous membranes in the mouth?

A) salt
C) glutathione-conjugated
B) freebase
D) water soluble

Question 8

Tao has CYP-2A6 4, 7 and 9 polymorphisms. What is a reasonable prediction about Tao's smoking habits and his smoking-related health risks?

A) Heavy smoker; increased health risks
C) Light smoker; increased health risks
B) Heavy smoker; decreased health risks
D) Light smoker; decreased health risks

Question 9

What is the prevalence of tobacco use, as of 2009, in the United States?

A) About 10% of U.S. population
C) About 20% of U.S. population
B) About 15% of U.S. population
D) About 25% of U.S. population

Question 10

When was the relationship between tobacco and cancer first established?

A) early 20th century
C) late-20th century
B) mid-20th century
D) early-21st century

Question 11

Stewart wants to design a tobacco product that yields the greatest absorption of freebase nicotine through mucous membranes in the mouth. What is an ideal pH for this product?

A) 7.10
C) 7.82
B) 7.51
D) 8.02

Question 12

Nicotine and caffeine are classified as ____.

A) cannabinoids
C) psychedelics
B) opioids
D) psychostimulants

Question 13

Graduate student Pasquel studies the effects of nicotine on nicotinic receptors by performing electrophysiology experiments. After applying nicotine to the bathing media of cells expressing nicotine receptors, what is he likely to find?

A) Nicotinic receptors remain open as long as nicotine remains bound.
B) After a short period of time, nicotinic receptors close even if nicotine remains bound.
C) Nicotinic receptors remain open for a prolonged period, even if nicotine dissociates from the receptor.
D) Nicotinic receptors remain open until nicotine binds, causing the receptor to close.

Question 14

What is the most common administration route for nicotine?

A) inhalation
C) insufflation
B) ingestion
D) injection

Question 15

What are two main reasons that U.S. cigar use has risen dramatically since the 1990s?

A) Less governmental restrictions; perception of safe alternative to cigarettes
B) Less governmental restrictions; less costly than cigarettes
C) Heavy marketing; perception of safe alternative to cigarettes
D) Heavy marketing; less costly than cigarettes

Question 16

What are the three primary causes of tobacco-related deaths that occur each year?

A) cancer, pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease
B) cancer, cardiovascular disease, and liver disease
C) liver disease, cancer, and pulmonary disease
D) pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and liver disease

Question 17

Who is credited with introducing tobacco to Europe?

A) Christopher Columbus
C) Sir Francis Bacon
B) Rodrigo de Jerez
D) Russian Tsar Michael I

Question 18

Dr. Andrews studies the effects of nicotine on the brain by characterizing the role of nicotine as a ____ nicotinic receptor agonist.

A) serotonergic
C) cholinergic
B) glutamatergic
D) dopaminergic

Question 19

Which is the central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco?

A) acetylcholine
C) ammonia
B) nicotine
D) propylene glycol

Question 20

Heather smokes a cigarette. When will she likely experience peak absorption of nicotine?

A) 2 minutes
C) 15 minutes
B) 7 minutes
D) 20 minutes

Question 21

Which is an example of a carcinogen found in tobacco?

A) nornicotine
C) cotinine
B) myosmine
D) nitrosamines

Question 22

Dan, who has smoked for years, recently quit smoking and is experiencing withdrawal symptoms referred to as ____ syndrome.

A) cessation abruption
C) nicotine abstinence
B) usage decline
D) tobacco withdrawal

Question 23

Which biological effect is most likely to occur in a nonsmoker following a cigarette?

A) nausea
C) increased alertness
B) racing heart
D) blood vessel constriction

Question 24

Nicotine produces effects on motor stability. These changes are particularly noticeable in the ____.

A) feet
C) face
B) legs
D) hands

Question 25

Nicotine produces widespread physiological effects. The two most notable are on the ____.

A) lymphatic system and appetite
C) cardiovascular system and appetite
B) lymphatic system and alertness
D) cardiovascular system and alertness

Question 26

Beyond nicotine, other compounds in tobacco may act in the nervous system, possibly enhancing nicotine's effects (Khalil, Steyn, & Castagnoli, 1999). In particular, many chemicals in tobacco ____ activity.

A) inhibit COMT
C) inhibit MAO
B) increase COMT
D) increase MAO

Question 27

The activation of nicotinic receptors in either the ventral tegmental area or the nucleus accumbens increases ____ release in the nucleus accumbens.

A) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
B) glutamate
D) norepinephrine

Question 28

What is the function of the activation of nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system?

A) Contracts muscles
C) Dilates blood vessels
B) Decreases heart rate
D) Increases peristalsis

Question 29

Many of the severely adverse effects associated with nicotine are the result of its ____.

A) glutathione conjugation
C) vehicle of administration: tobacco
B) freebase properties
D) effects on nicotinic receptors

Question 30

Eva suffers from a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder caused by irreversible lung damage. What condition does Eva suffer from?

A) emphysema
C) pulmonary hyperplasia
B) asthma
D) cystic fibrosis

Question 31

An indirect or atypical means of inhibiting a receptor's activity, such as when the net effects of a receptor agonist consists of a longer inactivated receptor state and a shorter activated receptor state is referred to as ____.

A) functional antagonism
C) reverse antagonism
B) functional agonism
D) reverse agonism

Question 32

The release and inhalation of which product from smoked tobacco provides direct contact of carcinogens with tissue in the mouth, throat, esophagus, and lungs?

A) cadmium
C) lead
B) formaldehyde
D) tar

Question 33

Why do the effects of nicotine in a first-time smoker differ greatly from the effects of nicotine in a longtime smoker?

A) Longtime smokers have increased nicotine receptors levels.
B) Longtime smokers have decreased nicotine receptors levels.
C) Longtime smokers have increased acetylcholine levels.
D) Longtime smokers have diminished acetylcholine levels.

Question 34

Acute tolerance to nicotine's effects on heart rate and blood pressure happens when nicotine is administered ____.

A) at successively increasing doses
B) at successively decreasing doses
C) soon after the previous administration
D) long after the previous administration

Question 35

A conditioned taste aversion is the result of a pairing process between a ____.

A) noxious stimulus and a novel-tasting substance
B) noxious stimulus and a neutral-tasting substance
C) novel stimulus and a neutral-tasting substance
D) novel stimulus and a noxious-tasting substance

Question 36

Deandra researches the effects of nicotine on the body for a term paper. She is surprised to find out that nicotine has some beneficial effects, including improving ____ functioning.

A) endocrine
C) cardiovascular
B) lymphatic
D) cognitive

Question 37

Who is demonstrating a typical pattern of tolerance to tobacco?

A) Miriam: her heart is racing when she first wakes up and does not slow down until she has her first cigarette.
B) Craig: smoking has no effect on his heart rate until it abruptly speeds up at the end of the day.
C) Sarah: after her first cigarette in the morning, her heart races; as the day goes on, her cigarette smoking has less of an effect on her heart rate.
D) John: his heart rate gradually increases throughout the day as he increases his cigarette intake.

Question 38

Will has smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for years, greatly increasing his risk of stroke. What is the link between cigarette smoking and stroke?

A) Cigarette smoking may lead to glioblastoma formation in the brain.
B) Cigarette smoking constricts blood vessels.
C) Cigarette smoking impairs liver function and increases levels of toxic metabolites.
D) Cigarette smoking causes rapid blood flow to the brain.

Question 39

Researchers use which technique to directly measure neurotransmitter levels in the brain?

A) polymerase chain reaction
C) microdialysis
B) self-administration
D) electrophysiology

Question 40

How does the brain compensate for the repeated closing of nicotinic-receptor channels caused by nicotine binding?

A) Increases acetylcholine synthesis
C) Decreases acetylcholine synthesis
B) Upregulates nicotinic receptors
D) Decreases nicotinic receptors

Question 41

Patrick was recently prescribed a medication to help with his smoking addiction, varenicline, which acts as a nicotinic receptor ____.

A) full agonist
C) inverse agonist
B) partial agonist
D) antagonist

Question 42

People who are the most resistant to nicotine addiction are called ____.

A) chippers
C) posers
B) pacifiers
D) strikers

Question 43

Nicotine-replacement therapy is a therapy that minimizes or prevents withdrawal symptoms by using products that contain ____.

A) active nicotine metabolites
B) inactive nicotine derivatives
C) nicotine but not tobacco
D) tobacco but not nicotine

Question 44

Why is it thought that chippers are more resistant to addiction to nicotine than non-chippers?

A) Reduced acute tolerance produces longer-lasting effects of nicotine.
B) Increased acute tolerance produces longer-lasting effects of nicotine.
C) Reduced acute tolerance produces shorter-lasting effects of nicotine.
D) Increased acute tolerance produces shorter-lasting effects of nicotine.

Question 45

Many treatment plans employ pharmacological strategies that address changes in ____ resulting from chronic nicotine administration.

A) the nicotinic receptor system
C) CYP-2A6 levels
B) acetylcholine uptake
D) dopamine metabolism

Question 46

When did brewed coffee first become popular?

A) 1000 A.D.
C) 1500 A.D.
B) 1200 A.D.
D) 1800 A.D.

Question 47

A condition characterized by agitation, anxiety, insomnia, and negative mood as well as rapid heart rate and high blood pressure in response to high levels of caffeine is referred to as ____.

A) reflexive stimulant syndrome
C) caffeine agitation syndrome
B) cocoa disturbance
D) caffeinism

Question 48

In a recent survey, Juliano and colleagues (2012) recorded the prevalence of withdrawal symptoms among adult respondents who expressed interest in reducing or quitting caffeine use. What percent of individuals who used approximately double the normal daily average intake for U.S. adults experienced headaches as a withdrawal symptom?

A) 10%
C) 60%
B) 30%
D) 90%

Question 49

Miguel is a nonsmoker; Selena is a smoker. How are they likely to differ in their consumption of caffeinated coffee?

A) Miguel is likely to drink more coffee than Selena because of his increased caffeine elimination rate.
B) Miguel is likely to drink more coffee than Selena because of his decreased caffeine elimination rate.
C) Selena is likely to drink more coffee than Miguel because of her increased caffeine elimination rate.
D) Selena is likely to drink more coffee than Miguel because of her decreased caffeine elimination rate.

Question 50

Caffeine is readily absorbed through oral administration, reaching peak blood levels after ____.

A) 5 minutes
C) 1 hour
B) 30 minutes
D) 2 hours

Question 51

Caffeine exhibits many physiological, behavioral and subjective effects, including ____.

A) increased heart rate
C) increased appetite
B) blood vessel dilation
D) irritable mood

Question 52

Caffeine is a psychostimulant compound and a member of the ____ chemical class.

A) benzene
C) xanthine
B) tricyclic
D) glitazone

Question 53

Who is likely ingesting the lowest level of caffeine?

A) Chantal, who is drinking chocolate milk
B) Mark, who is drinking tea
C) Sage, who is drinking a cola drink
D) Tanner, who is drinking an energy drink

Question 54

Regular drinkers of caffeinated beverages often drink coffee in the morning to feel more awake. Do you think that the tiredness they feel in the morning is natural or a symptom of caffeine withdrawal? Support your answer by relating caffeine withdrawal to dependence, and by analyzing studies that both support and refute your point of view.

Question 55

Calvin is suffering from nicotine abstinence syndrome. What is a symptom that he may be experiencing?

A) insomnia
C) nausea
B) fatigue
D) delirium

Question 56

Caffeine's primary mechanism of action is the antagonism of ____ receptors.

A) acetylcholine
C) glutamate
B) adenosine
D) GABA

Question 57

Many psychotherapeutic approaches address the ____ that trigger a craving to smoke.

A) biological cues
C) behavioral cues
B) subconscious forces
D) psychological traumas

Question 58

Seven tobacco company CEOs famously testified that nicotine is nonaddictive. What was the basis for their argument?

A) Nicotine does not promote a rapid tolerance to both physical and psychological effects during chronic use.
B) A person who chronically uses cigarettes typically does not show intense motivation to seek and use nicotine.
C) Chronic cigarette smokers do not show typical psychological withdrawal symptoms.
D) Chronic cigarette smokers do not show typical physical withdrawal symptoms.

Question 59

As he returns from his last class of the day, Xavier's roommate exclaims, as he hands him a bottle, "You have to try this, it's a caffeinated alcoholic drink!" What is likely printed on the bottle's label?

A) Five Alive
C) Fired Up
B) Four Loko
D) Boost Ed

Question 60

Tolerance is least likely to develop for which effect of caffeine?

A) improved alertness
C) positive mood
B) anxiousness
D) blood-vessel constriction

Question 61

Humans vary in their susceptibility to nicotine addiction. People who are the most resistant to nicotine addiction are called chippers. Describe the characteristics of a chipper and analyze the biological basis of nicotine dependence by evaluating the scientific evidence that explores differences between chippers and those addicted to nicotine.