Deck 10: Opioids

Question 1

What was the significance of the Harrison Act of 1914?

A) It removed bans on opioid use, allowing it to be used for medical purposes.
B) It removed bans on opioid use, allowing it to be used for both medical and recreational purposes.
C) It restricted the use of opioids for medical purposes only.
D) It banned all use and sale of opioids.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Most of the pharmacological effects associated with opioids are derived through activating ____ receptors.

A) μ and κ
C) β and κ
B) μ and δ
D) β and δ

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Drug enforcement officer Loretta Jones explains to her new recruits, "Drug producers illegally synthesize heroin through a process that involves the use of industrial chemical agents. They first extract ____ from the opium before starting the process."

A) methadone
C) thebaine
B) morphine
D) buprenorphine

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Cassandra, a parole officer, monitors parolee lab tests to assess their drug use. When morphine is listed on a lab test report, she knows that a parolee used ____.

A) morphine only
C) morphine or codeine
B) morphine or heroin
D) morphine, heroine, or codeine

Question 5

What are among the most effective pain-relieving medications today?

A) psychedelics
C) opioids
B) glitazones
D) stimulants

Question 6

Which statement best reflects the relationship between the ORL-1 receptor and other opioid receptors?

A) ORL-1 receptor effects are unrelated to those of other opioid receptors.
B) ORL-1 receptor effects are redundant to those of other opioid receptors.
C) ORL-1 receptor effects strengthen those of other opioid receptors.
D) ORL-1 receptor effects oppose those of other opioid receptors.

Question 7

In 2010, what percent of all 12th-grade high school students had abused Vicodin within the past year?

A) 0.8%
C) 18%
B) 8%
D) 28%

Question 8

While gathering data for a story on opium production for his college's news station, Blake Forester researches the world's top producer of opium. Which country is Blake researching?

A) Afghanistan
C) Pakistan
B) Colombia
D) Mexico

Question 9

The primary naturally occurring opioids found in opium are ____.

A) fentanyl and buprenorphine
C) morphine and buprenorphine
B) fentanyl and codeine
D) morphine and codeine

Question 10

What is a synonymous term for an opioid compound?

A) narcotic
C) downer
B) diazepam
D) inhalant

Question 11

Dana works as a chemist analyzing fully synthetic opioid compounds. What is an example of a chemical that with which Dana is working?

A) thebaine
C) hydrocodone
B) fentanyl
D) buprenorphine

Question 12

Which statement best reflects the biological role of morphine metabolites?

A) Morphine metabolites typically decrease its subjective opioid-like effects.
B) Morphine metabolites might account for its analgesic effects.
C) Morphine is metabolized into the highly addictive compound diacetylmorphine.
D) Morphine metabolites decrease dopamine receptor levels, leading to opioid tolerance.

Question 13

According to the text, ancient medical writings throughout Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa list numerous ____ uses for opium.

A) spiritual
C) institutionalized
B) medical
D) social

Question 14

To achieve the reinforcing effects of opioid, users prefer ____ for a rapid speed of onset.

A) ingestion or inhalation
C) intravenous injection or inhalation
B) ingestion or insufflation
D) intravenous injection or insufflation

Question 15

What is a natural source of opium?

A) coca leaves
C) psilocybin mushrooms
B) hemp
D) poppy plants

Question 16

Graduate student Helena is interested in studying the hallucinogenic properties of endogenous opioid neurotransmitters. Which endogenous opioid should she focus her attention on?

A) β-endorphin
C) dynorphin
B) leu-enkephalin
D) met-enkephalin

Question 17

Evelyn uses heroin. At a drug rehabilitation facility she is prescribed methadone. How will this drug help Evelyn stay off heroin?

A) Methadone decreases the subjective effects of heroin.
B) Methadone makes Evelyn feel sick when she uses heroin.
C) Methadone increases the elimination rate of heroin.
D) Methadone blocks the reinforcing properties of heroin.

Question 18

Graduate student Helena is interested in blocking the hallucinogenic properties of endogenous opioid neurotransmitters. Which endogenous opioid receptor should she focus her attention on?

A) κ
C) β
B) μ
D) δ

Question 19

Dr. Marcisco, an expert in the endogenous opioid system, measures propeptides levels as an indicator of neuropeptide synthesis. What propeptides is he interested in?

A) promorphine, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin
B) proopiomelanocortin, prodopa, and prodynorphin
C) proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin
D) prodopa, proenkephalin, and promorphine

Question 20

Which is a correct pairing of a propeptide with its downstream cleavage product?

A) proopiomelanocortin: β-endorphin
C) proopiomelanocortin: met-enkephalin
B) proenkephalin: neoendorphin
D) prodynorphin: β-endorphin

Question 21

Postdoctoral fellow Angel injects a rat with an opioid. What effect will this have on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area?

A) This will have no effect.
B) This will inhibit the neurons.
C) This will activates the neurons.
D) This will inhibit or activate neurons depending on the types of GABA receptors present.

Question 22

Opioid neurotransmitters facilitate the maintenance of a neuron's resting membrane potential by opening ____.

A) K⁺ channels and regulating the influx of K⁺
B) K⁺ channels and regulating the efflux of K⁺
C) Na⁺ channels and regulating the influx of Na⁺
D) Na⁺ channels and regulating the efflux of Na⁺

Question 23

Opioids increase dopamine release primarily by binding to which opioid receptors on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area?

A) κ
C) β
B) μ
D) δ

Question 24

Activating opioid receptors in the medulla ____.

A) increases nociceptive information flow to the thalamus
B) reduces nociceptive information flow to the thalamus
C) increases nociceptive information flow to the nucleus accumbens
D) reduces nociceptive information flow to the nucleus accumbens

Question 25

Dr. Henson studies adaptive biological responses that occur as a result of repeated opioid administration. What adaptive mechanism is he likely to study?

A) GIRK activation
C) ORL-1 receptor levels
B) sodium-potassium pump activity
D) neuropeptide cleavage

Question 26

Endogenous and exogenous opioids produce reinforcing effects by affecting ____ neurotransmission.

A) dopamine and GABA
C) norepinephrine and GABA
B) dopamine and neuropeptide
D) norepinephrine and neuropeptide

Question 27

Dr. Leighton studies the reinforcing properties of opioids. What biological system is he likely to work on?

A) GABA receptors in the ventral tegmental area
B) δ opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area
C) dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens
D) $\mu$ opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens

Question 28

How do opioids increase dopamine levels?

A) By decreasing GABA release
B) By increasing GABA release
C) By decreasing dopamine transporter activity
D) By activating dopaminergic receptors

Question 29

The communication of pain sensation is termed ____.

A) nociception
C) antiception
B) prociception
D) neuroception

Question 30

Postdoctoral fellow Ciara is studying how nociceptive information is processed from the source of a painful stimulus to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. What type of axons transmit this information?

A) Aδ and B fibers
C) A and Bδ fibers
B) Aδ and C fibers
D) A and Cδ fibers

Question 31

What is a typical effect of a mixed opioid receptor agonist-antagonist?

A) It enhances the magnitude of opioid pharmacological effects.
B) It limits the magnitude of opioid pharmacological effects.
C) It completely blocks opioid pharmacological effects.
D) It prolongs opioid pharmacological effects.

Question 32

Deborah is addicted to heroin. During heroin withdrawal, how is she likely to respond to painful stimuli?

A) She is unlikely to notice a painful stimuli in any way.
B) Painful stimuli will be processed as a vibratory touch sensation.
C) She will be less sensitive to painful stimuli.
D) She will be more sensitive to painful stimuli.

Question 33

Opioid receptors, including the ORL-1 receptor, are ____.

A) neither metabotropic receptors nor ionotropic receptors
B) either metabotropic receptors or ionotropic receptors
C) metabotropic receptors only
D) ionotropic receptors only

Question 34

A pure opioid receptor agonist is a(n) ____.

A) natural opioid neurotransmitter
B) highly purified synthetic opioid
C) full agonist
D) partial agonist with no antagonistic actions

Question 35

What is a biological effect of the partial agonist buprenorphine?

A) Buprenorphine enhances the euphoric effects opioids.
B) Buprenorphine blocks the euphoric effects of opioids.
C) Buprenorphine is an analgesic that fails to induce any euphoric effect.
D) Buprenorphine is an analgesic that fails to significantly impair breathing.

Question 36

Which statement accurately depicts the diverse actions of the opioid drug buprenorphine?

A) Buprenorphine acts as an inverse agonist at μ opioid receptors.
B) Buprenorphine is an antagonist for the ORL-1 receptor.
C) Buprenorphine is an agonist for δ receptors.
D) Buprenorphine metabolites act as a full agonists at both μ and δ receptors.

Question 37

Postdoctoral fellow Angel injects a rat with an opioid. What effect will this have on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens?

A) This will have no effect.
B) This will decrease the release.
C) This will increase the release.
D) This will decrease or increase release depending on the types of dopamine receptors present.

Question 38

The sodium-potassium pump and the endogenous opioid system are related. Specifically, the sodium-potassium pump leads to a(n) ____.

A) adaptive response by increasing the excitatory state of the neuron
B) adaptive response by increasing the inhibitory state of the neuron
C) sensitized state by increasing the inhibitory state of the neuron
D) sensitized state by increasing the inhibitory state of the neuron

Question 39

Postdoctoral fellow Ciara, who studies the processing of nociceptive information, finds that which neurotransmitters are released from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in response to painful stimuli?

A) glutamate and substance A
C) glutamate and substance P
B) dopamine and substance A
D) dopamine and substance P

Question 40

How do opioids affect nociceptive signaling sent via C and Aδ axon terminals?

A) By increasing both glutamate and substance P release
B) By decreasing both glutamate and substance P release
C) By increasing glutamate release and decreasing substance P release
D) By decreasing glutamate release and increasing substance P release

Question 41

What were the results of a study by Spyraki and colleagues (1983), in which they used a conditioned place preference procedure to study the effects of heroin administration in rats?

A) Rats learned to avoid locations associated with strong withdrawal symptoms.
B) Rats made an association between location and heroin's reinforcing effects.
C) Rats had more positive subjective experiences in very familiar locations.
D) Rats had more negative subjective experiences in rather unfamiliar locations.

Question 42

What is a correct pairing between an acute effect of heroin and the associated physiologic withdrawal symptom?

A) stomach ache: constipation
C) tremor: convulsion
B) hypothermia: hyperthermia
D) euphoria: drug craving

Question 43

Aside from its analgesic properties, opioids are also commonly used to treat ____.

A) asthma
C) ADHD
B) high blood pressure
D) diarrhea

Question 44

Following opioid use, Janice experiences miosis. Her friend says to her, "____."

A) Why are there red blotches on your face?
B) Why are your hands trembling?
C) Why are your pupils so small?
D) Why is your speech slurred?

Question 45

Maribel is undergoing a heroin detoxification process that lasts approximately two days. During this process she is prescribed an opioid receptor antagonist at a hospital setting. What type of detoxification process is Maribel participating in?

A) ultrarapid opioid detoxification
C) short-term opioid detoxification
B) rapid detoxification
D) long-term opioid detoxification

Question 46

Pam is undergoing a heroin detoxification process that lasts approximately 30 days. During this process, she is prescribed an opioid receptor agonist at an in-patient treatment facility. What type of detoxification process is Pam participating in?

A) ultrarapid opioid detoxification
C) short-term opioid detoxification
B) rapid detoxification
D) long-term opioid detoxification

Question 47

How do endogenous and exogenous opioids produce reinforcing effects by affecting dopamine and GABA neurotransmission? Describe the relationship between receptor activation and brain structure activity, and its associated role in opioid reinforcement.

Question 48

Detoxification is the first step of an opioid-cessation program. Detoxification procedures vary in time course and the types of treaments used. Describe the various types of opioid detoxification programs available, and then compare and contrast these methods. Include typical treatment locations and the medications and mechanism of action associated with each medication.

Question 49

Tyler uses heroin. In what order will the subjective effects of heroin occur for Tyler?

A) straight, high, rush, and nod
C) high, rush, nod, and high
B) rush, high, nod, and straight
D) rush, straight, nod, and high

Question 50

The subjective effects of opioids readily pair with environmental stimuli, which researchers demonstrate using a(n) ____ place preference procedure.

A) discriminatory
C) conditioned
B) linked
D) adaptive

Question 51

Why is the ultrarapid detoxification process thought to be an effective treatment for opioid addiction?

A) By hyper-activating opioid receptors, the body quickly counteracts the effects of opioid receptor activation, decreasing the duration of withdrawal symptoms.
B) By blocking opioid receptors, the body quickly adapts to a lack of opioid receptor activation, decreasing the duration of withdrawal symptoms.
C) By hyper-activating opioid receptors, the body quickly counteracts the effects of opioid receptor activation, decreasing the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
D) By blocking opioid receptors, the body quickly adapts to a lack of opioid receptor activation, decreasing the severity of withdrawal symptoms.

Question 52

Andrew is undergoing a heroin detoxification process that lasts approximately 10 days. During this process, he is prescribed an opioid receptor antagonist at an in-patient treatment facility. What type of detoxification process is Andrew participating in?

A) ultrarapid opioid detoxification
C) short-term opioid detoxification
B) rapid detoxification
D) long-term opioid detoxification

Question 53

Ted is undergoing a heroin detoxification process that lasts approximately 180 days as part of an out-patient program. During this process, he is prescribed an opioid receptor agonist. What type of detoxification process is Ted participating in?

A) ultrarapid opioid detoxification
C) short-term opioid detoxification
B) rapid detoxification
D) long-term opioid detoxification

Question 54

Which is an example of opioid receptor antagonist used in opioid detoxification programs?

A) methadone
C) methamphetamine
B) naltrexone
D) diacetylmorphine

Question 55

The primary cause of death from the overdose of opioids is ____.

A) cardiac arrest
C) respiratory depression
B) stroke
D) aneurysm

Question 56

Which opioid represents the gold standard for opioid analgesics?

A) oxycodone
C) morphine
B) codeine
D) diacetylmorphine

Question 57

What percent of individuals addicted to opioids have an antisocial personality disorder?

A) 10-40%
C) 30-60%
B) 20-50%
D) 40-70%

Question 58

As a chronic user of heroin, Madelyn is at risk for ____.

A) overproliferation of immune cells
C) suppressing her immune system
B) developing an autoimmune disorder
D) killing off her immune cells

Question 59

Peripheral opioid receptors are located in which of the following physiological systems?

A) cardiovascular system
C) skeletomuscular
B) integumentary
D) reproductive

Question 60

According to conditioned place preference and self administration studies described in the text (Popik and Kolasiewicz, 1999; LaLumiere and Kalivas, 2008), which neurotransmitter has an important role in the reinforcing effects of opioids?

A) glutamate
C) adenosine
B) serotonin
D) epinephrine