Deck 27: The Control Systems

Question 1

The arrow shows the direction of the nerve impulse in a neuron. Part X would represent a(n)

A) axon.
B) dendrite.
C) cell body.
D) myelin sheath.
E) axon terminal.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Following a severe head injury, a patient has uncontrollable, unfocused feelings of rage. What has most likely been damaged?

A) medulla oblongata
B) limbic system
C) pineal gland
D) primary motor area
E) cerebellum

Answer 2

B

Question 3

If a neuron receives both excitatory and inhibitory signals, will an action potential be generated?

A) No, because any inhibitory signals will cancel out the excitatory signals.
B) Yes, but the action potential will be much smaller than if only excitatory signals were received.
C) It depends; if more excitatory than inhibitory signals are received, then an action potential may result.
D) Yes, because excitatory signals always stimulate an action potential.
E) It depends; if more inhibitory than excitatory signals are received, then the neuron will be free to produce an action potential.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Long, myelinated nerve fibers are called _____ in the PNS and _____ in the CNS.

A) tracts; nuclei
B) nerves; ganglia
C) ganglia; nuclei
D) nerves; tracts
E) ganglia; tracts

Question 5

Someone who is good at memorizing other people's phone numbers has an excellent _____ memory.

A) episodic
B) skill
C) semantic
D) short-term
E) sensory

Question 6

Which type of neuron is completely contained within the central nervous system?

A) sensory neuron
B) motor neuron
C) autonomic neuron
D) interneuron
E) sympathetic neuron

Question 7

Degenerating neurons surrounded by clusters of abnormal tissue, especially in the hippocampus and amygdala, accompanied by progressive memory loss is typical of

A) Alzheimer disease.
B) Parkinson disease.
C) Graves disease.
D) Addison disease.
E) Cushing syndrome.

Question 8

Which of these lists the events of an action potential in the correct order?

A) Na ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→Na ⁺ gates close→K ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative
B) K ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→K ⁺ gates close→Na ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative
C) K ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative→K ⁺ gates close→Na ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive
D) Na ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative→Na ⁺ gates close→K ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive
E) Na ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes positive→K ⁺ gates close→Na ⁺ gates open→inside of axon becomes negative

Question 9

Gaps in the myelin sheath are termed

A) nodes of Ranvier.
B) interaxons.
C) ganglia.
D) clefts.
E) synapses.

Question 10

Which of these works by inhibiting dopamine reuptake into synapses?

A) cocaine
B) THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
C) heroin
D) marijuana
E) all drugs of abuse

Question 11

Which part of a neuron could be covered with a myelin sheath?

A) nucleus
B) axon
C) dendrite
D) cell body
E) terminal

Question 12

A nerve impulse travels down a myelinated axon by

A) repolarization.
B) saltatory conduction.
C) simple diffusion.
D) integration.
E) summation.

Question 13

Transmission across the synaptic cleft is accomplished by chemical signals called

A) hormones.
B) exocrine secretions.
C) enzymes.
D) stimulants.
E) neurotransmitters.

Question 14

Which of these receives sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, and skeletal muscles about the present position of body parts?

A) thalamus
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus
E) cerebellum

Question 15

You aren't normally aware of ongoing sensory stimulation, such as the touch of clothing on your skin. What part of your brain is responsible for this "filtering" of sensory input?

A) hypothalamus
B) medulla oblongata
C) cerebral cortex
D) cerebellum
E) thalamus

Question 16

Which of these is a region of close proximity between an axon terminal and the next cell?

A) dendrite
B) nucleus
C) cell body
D) axon
E) synapse

Question 17

A spinal nerve contains

A) axons of sensory neurons only.
B) myelinated axons only.
C) axons of motor neurons only.
D) dendrites only.
E) both sensory and motor axons.

Question 18

A patient's pons has been affected by a rapidly growing tumor. Of the choices listed below, which is the most likely result?

A) loss of the normal breathing rhythm
B) hearing loss
C) inability to understand speech
D) inability to regulate blood pressure
E) inability to experience emotions

Question 19

Dendrites

A) are usually the longest nerve fibers.
B) are covered with a myelin sheath.
C) receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons.
D) generate nerve impulses.
E) are longer and less numerous than axons.

Question 20

Which of these is mismatched?

A) diencephalon - thalamus
B) brain stem - medulla oblongata
C) cerebral cortex - occipital lobe
D) cerebellum - midbrain
E) frontal lobe - prefrontal area

Question 21

Which hormone stimulates milk letdown?

A) prolactin (PRL)
B) luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) oxytocin
D) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
E) estrogen

Question 22

Which hormone helps to maintain your blood glucose level between breakfast and lunch?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) thyroxine
E) epinephrine

Question 23

Which two hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A) aldosterone and cortisol
B) acetylcholine and norepinephrine
C) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
D) antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
E) epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 24

_____ hormones can pass through the plasma membrane of a target cell.

A) Second messenger
B) Steroid
C) First messenger
D) Peptide
E) DNA

Question 25

The hormone _____ lowers blood glucose, while the hormone _____ raises blood glucose.

A) insulin; glucagon
B) epinephrine; norepinephrine
C) cortisol; insulin
D) thyroxine; glucagon
E) glucagon; insulin

Question 26

Which of the following is produced in the hypothalamus and released via the posterior pituitary?

A) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B) prolactin (PRL)
C) growth hormone (GH)
D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
E) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 27

Which of the following is part of both the nervous and endocrine systems, and is crucial to maintenance of homeostasis?

A) adrenal medulla
B) thyroid gland
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus
E) medulla oblongata

Question 28

Consuming alcohol increases the need to urinate. This is due to the inhibitory effect of alcohol on

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

Question 29

When the level of adrenal cortex hormones is low due to hyposecretion, a person develops which of the following disorders?

A) Cushing syndrome
B) exophthalmos
C) Graves disease
D) Addison disease
E) diabetes mellitus

Question 30

The hormonal secretion(s) of the _____ serve to increase the body's metabolic rate.

A) thyroid gland
B) adrenal medulla
C) adrenal cortex
D) posterior pituitary
E) parathyroid glands

Question 31

Only the glands of the endocrine system

A) use chemical signals to bring about changes in target organs.
B) work to regulate the activities of other body systems.
C) use the bloodstream to convey signals throughout the body.
D) help to maintain homeostasis.
E) bring about rapid responses by target organs.

Question 32

Which of these is a second messenger?

A) cAMP
B) ATP
C) a peptide hormone
D) a steroid hormone
E) DNA

Question 33

The _____ conveys sensory information to the central nervous system and motor commands away from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.

A) parasympathetic division
B) autonomic nervous system
C) somatic system
D) sympathetic division
E) brain stem

Question 34

_____ inhibits osteoclasts, while _____ stimulates them.

A) Parathyroid hormone (PTH); calcitonin
B) Growth hormone (GH); calcitonin
C) Epinephrine; norepinephrine
D) Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone (PTH)
E) Glucagon; growth hormone (GH)

Question 35

Which of these represents the flow of information in a spinal reflex arc in the correct order?

A) sensory axon→sensory neuron→spinal cord→interneuron→effector→motor axon→motor neuron
B) motor neuron→motor axon→spinal cord→interneuron→sensory neuron→sensory axon→effector
C) sensory receptor→motor axon→interneuron→motor neuron→spinal cord→sensory axon→effector
D) sensory receptors→sensory axon→spinal cord→interneuron→motor neuron→motor axons→effector
E) sensory axon→motor neuron→spinal cord→interneuron→effector→sensory receptor→motor axon

Question 36

The spinal cord's gray matter is located

A) on the outside, surrounding a central core of white matter.
B) on the inside, surrounding the central canal.
C) on both the inside and the outside.
D) neither inside nor outside-the spinal cord is entirely white matter.
E) scattered among a collection of ganglia.

Question 37

If you do not obtain enough iodine in your diet, you will likely develop

A) pituitary gigantism.
B) simple goiter.
C) exophthalmos.
D) diabetes mellitus.
E) tetany.

Question 38

If an individual's pancreatic islets have been destroyed, the result will be

A) Cushing syndrome.
B) Graves disease.
C) type 2 diabetes mellitus.
D) Addison disease.
E) type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Question 39

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A) is associated with "fight or flight."
B) uses the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
C) arises from parts of the spinal cord.
D) inhibits digestion.
E) opposes the effects of the sympathetic division.

Question 40

You are relaxing, having a snack and watching TV, when suddenly the entire house begins to shake violently. The activity of your _____ quickly decreases, while that of your _____ increases.

A) somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
C) sympathetic division; parasympathetic division
D) sympathetic division; somatic nervous system
E) parasympathetic division; sympathetic division

Question 41

Which of these structures is the pons?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 42

Weight gain, diabetes mellitus, and a moon-shaped face may indicate

A) Addison disease.
B) Graves disease.
C) simple goiter.
D) pituitary dwarfism.
E) Cushing syndrome.

Question 43

People who are under constant stress have a tendency to gain weight, especially in the midsection, even if they do not overeat. This is because the hypothalamus responds to the stress by stimulating the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) thyroid.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) pancreas.

Question 44

Which of the following describes how drugs can affect the nervous system?

A) Drugs can enhance the release of a neurotransmitter.
B) Drugs can block the release of a neurotransmitter.
C) Drugs can block the receptor for a neurotransmitter.
D) Drugs can mimic the actions of a neurotransmitter.
E) All of these statements describe how drugs can affect the nervous system.

Question 45

Which ion needs to be pumped to the exterior of the axon in order to generate a nerve impulse?

A) Na+
B) K+
C) Ca+
D) H+
E) Cl-

Question 46

When the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated, its effects can be prolonged by secretions of the

A) adrenal cortex.
B) thyroid gland.
C) parathyroid glands.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) posterior pituitary.

Question 47

Gigantism can result from excessive secretion from the

A) posterior pituitary.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) pancreas.

Question 48

A patient who has recently undergone surgery to remove tumors from his thyroid gland suddenly begins to tremble violently from head to toe because his nerves have become too excitable. Why?

A) Too much thyroid tissue was removed, and without oxytocin, blood calcium levels fell too low.
B) The parathyroid glands were removed, and without parathyroid hormone (PTH), blood calcium levels rose too high.
C) The parathyroid glands were removed, and without parathyroid hormone (PTH), blood calcium levels fell too low.
D) Too much thyroid tissue was removed, and without calcitonin, blood calcium levels fell too low.
E) The hypothalamus was removed, and without it releasing hormones, blood calcium levels fell too low.

Question 49

If you eat a jelly donut, your pancreatic islets will respond by secreting

A) growth hormone.
B) glucagon.
C) epinephrine.
D) insulin.
E) oxytocin.

Question 50

Which two anterior pituitary hormones do not target other endocrine glands?

A) prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH)
B) oxytocin and prolactin (PRL)
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and growth hormone (GH)
D) luteinizing hormone (LH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
E) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 51

The exophthalmos seen in Graves disease results from hypersecretion of the

A) thyroid gland.
B) parathyroid glands.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) adrenal cortex.
E) pancreas.

Question 52

Contraction of the uterus during childbirth is stimulated by

A) prolactin.
B) luteinizing hormone (LH).
C) oxytocin.
D) glucagon.
E) parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 53

Your teenage son comes home late on Friday night and is acting strange. His behavior includes the following characteristics: high agitation, violent behavior, and irritability. These traits are far different from his normal behavior. As a parent you suspect he may have taken a drug. Which drug did he most likely take?

A) cocaine
B) methamphetamine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol
E) crack

Question 54

The arrow shows the direction of the nerve impulse in a neuron. Where is the neurotransmitter released from the neuron?

A) axon
B) dendrite
C) cell body
D) myelin sheath
E) axon terminal