Deck 26: Defenses Against Disease

Question 1

Antibodies are _____ proteins, whileantigens that elicit an immune reaction are _____ proteins.

A) bacterial; self-produced
B) self-produced; foreign
C) self-produced; also self-produced
D) cancer; bacterial
E) viral; self-produced

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about the spleen?

A) It contains red pulp and white pulp.
B) It is an essential organ for survival.
C) It can be involved in fighting cancer.
D) It is spongy, containing many sinuses.
E) It is easily ruptured by a severe blow or infection.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The immune system plays a significant role in fighting infections and cancer.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

_____ cells are large, granular lymphocytes that kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells by cell-to-cell contact.

A) Complement
B) Mast
C) Natural killer
D) Helper T
E) Plasma

Question 5

Natural killer cells can destroy cancer cells that have lost their "self" proteins.

Question 6

Doctors can easily examine lymph nodes to see if a patient is fighting disease because

A) many lymph nodes are near the surface of the body.
B) all lymph nodes are near the surface of the body.
C) lymph nodes become hot when fighting disease.
D) lymph nodes secrete pus when fighting an infection.
E) lymph nodes are concentrated in the abdomen.

Question 7

Red bone marrow in adults produces only white blood cells.

Question 8

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?

A) myasthenia gravis
B) rheumatoid arthritis
C) multiple sclerosis
D) systemic lupus erythematosus
E) All of the above are autoimmune diseases.

Question 9

T lymphocytes

A) migrate from the thymus to the bone marrow where they mature.
B) that recognize "self-cells" leave the thymus and enter lymphatic vessels and organs.
C) must have the antigen presented to them by an antigen-presenting cell.
D) develop into plasma cells once activated.
E) are a component of the body's nonspecific immune defenses.

Question 10

What type of cells filter the blood as it flows through the sinuses of the red pulp of the spleen?

A) T lymphocytes
B) B lymphocytes
C) mast cells
D) macrophages
E) areolar tissue

Question 11

When the body responds against its own cells as foreign antigens, this results in

A) allergies.
B) autoimmune disease.
C) passive immunity.
D) anaphylactic shock.
E) active immunity.

Question 12

Bacteria that are removed from the upper respiratory tract by cilia are often destroyed by

A) lymphocytes in the saliva.
B) filters lining the pharynx.
C) stomach acid.
D) lymph nodes at the base of the tongue.
E) mucus in the trachea.

Question 13

During the inflammatory response, histamine may be released by

A) mast cells.
B) neutrophils.
C) B lymphocytes.
D) macrophages.
E) natural killer cells.

Question 14

T lymphocytes mature in the

A) thyroid gland.
B) bone marrow.
C) thymus.
D) spleen.
E) blood.

Question 15

Macrophages present antigens to T cells by digesting the pathogen and then placing one of the pathogens antigens combined with an MHC "self" protein on it's membrane.

Question 16

HIV is contracted mainly by rectal intercourse.

Question 17

One way the complement system acts is by producing

A) proteins that assist phagocytes in recognizing a pathogen.
B) mast cells that attack pathogens' membranes.
C) histamines that stimulate B cell formation.
D) kinins that bind to the surface of pathogens.
E) macrophages that phagocytize bacteria.

Question 18

During an inflammatory response, macrophages consume debris and cause the release of colony-stimulating factors which increase production of white blood cells by the bone marrow.

Question 19

Long-term immunity to diseases such as measles occurs because

A) memory mast cells produce antibodies in response to pathogens entering the body.
B) plasma cells remain in the immune system to protect the body.
C) memory B cells are produced in response to specific pathogens.
D) neutrophils remain in the blood to phagocytize any new measles pathogens.
E) helper T cells continue to produce cytokines indefinitely.

Question 20

Which of the following is a lymphatic organ?

A) thymus
B) spleen
C) bone marrow
D) lymph node
E) All of the above are organs of the lymphatic system.

Question 21

David was in a car accident and needed a blood transfusion due to his injuries. His brother, Steve, went to the hospital hoping to donate blood to be used in the transfusion. David's blood type is type B. Steve's blood type is type AB. Which of the following statements is true regarding Steve's potential donation?

A) David cannot receive Steve's blood because of the antibodies in Steve's blood.
B) David cannot receive Steve's blood because of the antigens in David's blood.
C) David cannot receive Steve's blood because of the antibodies in David's blood.
D) David can receive the transfusion from Steve.
E) David can receive blood from Steve as long as it is only a small amount.

Question 22

Active and passive immunity involves all of the following except

A) exposure to a pathogen either naturally or by vaccination.
B) memory B cells responding to a second exposure to the same pathogen.
C) receiving mother's antibodies through the placenta.
D) receiving mother's antibodies through breast-feeding.
E) the stimulation of a nonspecific immune defense.

Question 23

AIDS is caused by

A) the human immunodeficiency virus that destroys helper T cells.
B) the human immunodeficiency virus that stimulates apoptosis of immune system cells.
C) allergens that stimulate helper T cells to produce cytokines.
D) bacteria that destroy lymphocytes in the bone marrow.
E) the human immunodeficiency virus that destroys macrophages.

Question 24

A person has type A blood. This means that

A) she has A antigens on her red blood cells and can only receive type A blood in transfusions.
B) she produces A antibodies when type A blood is used in transfusion, causing agglutination.
C) she has A antigens on her red blood cells and will produce antibodies if red blood cells with B antigens are transfused into her body.
D) she has B antigens on her red blood cells and can only receive type O blood.
E) she produces A antibodies when type B blood is used in a transfusion.

Question 25

After organ transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs are given that

A) stimulate T cell response to cytokines.
B) increase the production of histamines.
C) inhibit T cell response to cytokines.
D) both stimulate T cell response to cytokines and increase the production of histamines.
E) stimulate phagocytosis by macrophages.

Question 26

This is a graph of antibodies in an immunized person's blood. At point B _____ is given that enhances the immunity to the pathogen.

A) a booster
B) the primary exposure to the vaccine
C) a dose of antibodies
D) a live pathogen
E) histamine

Question 27

Which of the following shows the function of cytotoxic T cells in the correct order?

A) perforin released - cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell - granzymes delivered - apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell
B) cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell - granzymes delivered - apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell - perforin released
C) apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell - perforin released - cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell - perforin released
D) cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell - perforin released - granzymes delivered - apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell
E) granzymes delivered - perforin released - apoptosis occurs in virus-infected cell - cytotoxic T cell binds to virus-infected cell

Question 28

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement regarding B-cell receptors?

A) They bind with specific antigens.
B) They cause B cells to produce plasma cells and memory B cells when activated.
C) They may never encounter the antigen which binds to them.
D) They are identical to the antibodies produced by plasma cells, which they activate.
E) They may be changed by the B cell in response to whatever pathogen is present.

Question 29

When a disease has been fought off by the immune system, what happens to most of the remaining cells that were produced by the immune system to fight the disease?

A) The remaining cells undergo apoptosis.
B) The remaining cells are saved for later use.
C) The remaining cells are stored in the thymus gland.
D) The remaining cells are destroyed by bone marrow.
E) The remaining cells are killed by cytotoxic T cells.

Question 30

Which one of the following is a symptom of an HIV infection?

A) progression into AIDS
B) number of T cells decreases
C) chronic fever
D) Kaposisarcoma, a form of cancer
E) All of the above are symptons of an HIV infection.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is inaccurate regarding the complement proteins?

A) They are blood plasma proteins.
B) Some form the membrane attack complex, which forms a hole in the bacterial plasma membrane.
C) They may amplify the inflammatory response by attracting phagocytes to the site of the infection.
D) They may bind to pathogens already coated with antibodies, ensuring they are phagocytized.
E) Many proteins must be independently activated in order to have a significant impact on the immune response.

Question 32

Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about passive immunity?

A) It is temporary.
B) It can be gained by infants through breast milk.
C) It is achieved through the production of antibodies by the person gaining the immunity.
D) It can be achieved through injections of antibodies or immunoglobulins.
E) It can be used to prevent an illness in someone who has been exposed to that illness.

Question 33

David was in a car accident and needed a blood transfusion due to his injuries. His brother, Steve, went to the hospital hoping to donate blood to be used in the transfusion. David's blood type is type B. Steve's blood type is type AB. Persons of what blood type can receive a transfusion of Steve's blood?

A) AB only
B) AB and O
C) A, B, AB, and O
D) A, B, and AB
E) A and B

Question 34

When people are hypersensitive to pollen, they have _____ in response to the antigens on pollen called _____.

A) an autoimmune disease; cytokines
B) immunity; allergens
C) an allergy; allergens
D) an allergy; IgG
E) immunity; antibodies

Question 35

Which of the following bones contain red bone marrow in children but not in adults?

A) pelvic bones
B) sternum
C) clavicle
D) vertebrae
E) radius

Question 36

Immediate allergic responses occur when

A) IgE antibodies in red blood cells cause destruction of allergens.
B) IgE antibodies in mast cells attach to allergens, releasing histamines.
C) cytotoxic T cells produce histamine in response to allergens.
D) memory T cells release cytokines in response to allergens.
E) memory B cells respond to the presence of an allergen.

Question 37

Which one of the following is a method of treatment for HIV infections?

A) chemotherapy
B) radiation treatment
C) blood transfusion
D) herbal supplements
E) drug therapy

Question 38

If a person has a genetic defect in the metabolic pathway that produces cytokines, then

A) macrophages will not be produced by the immune system.
B) B cells would not be activated to respond when cells presenting antigens are present.
C) helper T cells would take over the role of activating B cells.
D) the spleen would destroy all red blood cells.
E) histamine will not be produced by mast cells.

Question 39

Which of the statistics regarding the number of cases of HIV is inaccurate?

A) Male-to-male contact accounts for the greatest number of new cases each year.
B) As of 2017, there were about 25 million people living worldwide with HIV.
C) In 2017, among the 1.8 million new HIV infections, nearly 10% were in people under the age of 15.
D) In 2017, HIV/AIDS claimed 940,000 lives.
E) Heterosexual contact and intravenous drug use together account for a greater percentage of new cases than male-to-male contact.

Question 40

T-cell receptors will bind with their specific antigens

A) immediately upon encountering them.
B) after being activated by an antigen-presenting cell.
C) after antibodies are produced for that antigen.
D) either immediately upon encountering them or when presented by an APC.
E) only in the presence of histamine.

Question 41

Which statement about delayed allergic reactions is the most accurate?

A) Memory T cells initiate the response at the site in which the allergen contacts the body.
B) Cytotoxic T cells initiate the response at the site in which the allergen contacts the body.
C) Memory T cells initiate the response at the site in which the antibodies contact the body.
D) The response can occur within a matter of seconds.
E) The response can lead to a sudden drop in blood pressure that can be life-threatening.

Question 42

What organisms are commonly used to mass-produce vaccines?

A) bacteria
B) viruses
C) cattle
D) pigs
E) humans

Question 43

Which statement about vaccines is correct?

A) Vaccines will always cause the patient to become ill in order to build the immune system.
B) Vaccines never cause the patient to become ill in order to build the immune system.
C) Vaccines are not intended to cause the patient to become ill in order to build the immune system.
D) Vaccines need to be administered on a continuous basis in order to be effective.
E) It is only necessary to be vaccinated once in order to have immunity for your entire life.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is correct about the usage of a booster?

A) The booster allows the antibody concentration to rise to a level higher than the primary response.
B) The booster will raise the antibody concentration in the individual by 10%.
C) The booster will cause the antibody concentration to rise and then decrease rapidly.
D) The booster will do nothing for the individual's immune response.
E) The booster will initiate the immune response.

Question 45

Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by a breakdown of the myelin sheaths on the nerve cells?

A) multiple sclerosis (MS)
B) myasthenia gravis
C) systemic lupus erythematosus
D) rheumatoid arthritis
E) leukemia

Question 46

Which substances are examples of antigens?

A) proteins and carbohydrates
B) nucleic acids and proteins
C) lipids and proteins
D) lipids and carbohydrates
E) nucleic acids and carbohydrates

Question 47

Which cell type plays a role in adaptive immunity in the body?

A) lymphocytes
B) red blood cells
C) platelets
D) epithelial cells
E) None of these cell types play a role in adaptive immunity.

Question 48

During tissue transplant, what is the main reason for the rejection of the transplanted tissue?

A) Cytotoxic T cells and antibodies in the body destroy the transplanted tissue.
B) Helper T cells and antibodies in the body destroy the transplanted tissue.
C) Cytotoxic T cells and antibodies will reroute the blood supply away from the transplanted tissue, starving it to death.
D) The host body's antigens will not allow the transplanted tissue to attach to the host.
E) The host body red blood cells will not carry oxygen to the transplanted tissue.

Question 49

What could happen if T cells failed to undergo apoptosis after the defeat of an infection?

A) An HIV infection may result.
B) Leukemia or lymphoma may result.
C) Future immunity would be strengthened.
D) An autoimmune disease may result.
E) An allergy may result.

Question 50

What structures do the lymphocytes "recognize" in order to participate in active immunity?

A) antigens
B) foreign DNA
C) antibodies
D) phospholipids
E) RNA complexes

Question 51

Which body system plays the greatest role in fighting cancer?

A) immune system
B) cardiovascular system
C) neural system
D) digestive system
E) integumentary system

Question 52

_____ cells kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells by cell-to-cell contact.

A) Natural killer
B) Plasma
C) Cytotoxic T
D) Memory B
E) Helper T