Deck 20: Plant Anatomy and Growth

Question 1

Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules produces a force sufficient to move water from the roots to the shoot tip of a plant.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Which of the following is a typical function of the root system?

A) anchorage
B) absorption of nitrates
C) absorption of water
D) absorption of minerals
E) All of the above answers describe typical functions of a root system.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What advantages do root hairs give to a plant?

A) The products of photosynthesis from the leaves are stored in the root hairs.
B) Root hairs provide support for the elongating shoot system.
C) Root hairs allow the plant to regenerate after the shoot system dies back.
D) Root hairs allow lateral branching of the roots.
E) Root hairs increase the surface area available for water absorption.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In the pressure-flow model, the movement of nutrients through phloem is initiated when water moves from sieve-tube members into companion cells by osmosis, causing sugar in surrounding cells to be transported into sieve-tube members.

Question 5

Mineral transport in plants occurs through xylem tissue.

Question 6

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants?

A) The leaves of monocot plants have leaf veins that form a netlike pattern, while the leaves of eudicot plants have parallel leaf veins.
B) Monocot leaves have leaf veins that form a netlike pattern, and their flower parts occur in multiples of three; eudicot leaves have parallel leaf veins, and their flower parts occur in multiples of four or five.
C) Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, and their flower parts occur in multiples of four or five; eudicot leaves have leaf veins that form a netlike pattern, and their flower parts occur in multiples of three.
D) Monocot flower parts occur in multiples of four or five, while eudicot flower parts occur in multiples of three.
E) Monocot leaves have parallel leaf veins, while the leaf veins of a eudicot plant form a netlike pattern.

Question 7

Secondary growth occurs in plants which have a(n)

A) tracheid.
B) pericycle.
C) apical meristem.
D) vascular cambium.
E) cortex.

Question 8

Which of the following occurs only in the roots?

A) photosynthesis
B) water storage
C) food storage
D) nitrogen fixation
E) attachment and support

Question 9

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants?

A) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a monocot stem.
B) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot root, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot root.
C) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot root, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a monocot root.
D) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot stem.
E) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a eudicot stem.

Question 10

Water must first pass through the endodermis of a root before it can enter xylem vessels.

Question 11

If you remove all of the terminal buds from a plant, what is the most likely outcome?

A) Branching would occur, and the plant would become bushier as all new growth would originate from the lateral buds.
B) All of the plant's leaves would die and photosynthesis would cease.
C) The plant would continue to grow taller but would be unable to produce lateral growth.
D) There would be more root growth which would allow for a greater nutrient uptake.
E) Additional stems would develop and grow upward.

Question 12

Eudicot roots may experience secondary growth.

Question 13

Plants are capable of directly absorbing nitrogen from the atmosphere.

Question 14

Primary growth occurs from the

A) pericycle.
B) nodes.
C) axils.
D) terminal bud.
E) root hairs.

Question 15

Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plant stems?

A) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a monocot stem.
B) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot stem.
C) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot stem, while xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a monocot stem.
D) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a eudicot stem.
E) Xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a monocot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot stem.

Question 16

Micronutrients that are needed by plants as enzyme cofactors are also needed by humans for the same reason.

Question 17

Transport in xylem is typically upward, while transport in phloem can be in any direction in the plant.

Question 18

The bark of a tree is entirely derived from vascular cambium.

Question 19

Which of the following is part of the root system?

A) pericycle
B) terminal bud
C) stomata
D) flower
E) lateral bud

Question 20

A leaf is considered to be compound when it possesses a only one single blade.

Question 21

Which of the following statements regarding the organization of vascular tissue in roots is true?

A) In eudicot roots, xylem and phloem bundles occur in a ring surrounding the pith.
B) In eudicot roots, phloem form a star shape in the center, with xylem occurring between arms of phloem.
C) In monocot roots, vascular bundles are found only within the zone of cell division.
D) In both monocot and eudicot roots, phloem are found outside the endodermis, and xylem within the endodermis.
E) In monocot roots, xylem and phloem bundles alternate in a ring surrounding the pith.

Question 22

Herbaceous eudicot stems differ from woody stems because herbaceous eudicot stems

A) do not contain cork cambium.
B) lack an organized pith.
C) initiate branching from the cortex, rather than from the cork cambium.
D) do not contain distinct vascular bundles.
E) contain scattered vascular bundles rather than containing vascular bundles in a ring.

Question 23

Root hairs are composed of which of the following types of tissue?

A) sclerenchyma
B) parenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) vascular cambium
E) epidermal

Question 24

Root hairs are found within the

A) zone of maturation only.
B) zone of maturation and zone of elongation.
C) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation.
D) root cap only.
E) root cap and zone of cell division.

Question 25

A monocot root differs from a eudicot root because a monocot root

A) lacks an organized pith.
B) contains xylem and phloem organized in a ring around the pith.
C) does not have a pericycle.
D) lacks a functional endodermis.
E) contains a cortex that is inside of the endoderm.

Question 26

Stomata are found on the

A) roots.
B) epidermis.
C) stems only.
D) roots and leaves.
E) cork cells.

Question 27

Which of the following structures is found within the interior a leaf?

A) cuticle
B) spongy mesophyll
C) stoma
D) guard cells
E) leaf hairs

Question 28

Summer wood can be distinguished from spring wood because summer wood

A) contains wide vessels with thin walls, and is lighter than spring wood.
B) is impregnated with suberin, whereas spring wood is not.
C) contains thick-walled tracheids that give it strength, and is more dense than spring wood.
D) contains only thin-walled xylem, and is lighter than spring wood.
E) is produced during the summer when moisture is plentiful, and contains only heavy fibers and thick-walled tracheids.

Question 29

In the correct order, indicate the structures of a leaf that water encounters as it enters and exits a leaf.

A) cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, xylem of leaf vein
B) xylem of leaf vein, stomata, mesophyll
C) epidermis, stomata, xylem of leaf vein
D) xylem of leaf vein, mesophyll, stomata
E) xylem of leaf vein, stomata, mesophyll, phloem of leaf vein

Question 30

What two properties of water are critical in moving water through xylem?

A) polarity and neutral pH
B) cohesion and adhesion
C) density as a solid and low molecular weight
D) adhesion and density as a solid
E) low molecular weight and cohesion

Question 31

_____ and _____ are micronutrients in plants, while _____ and _____ are macronutrients.

A) Mn; Zn; N; O
B) Mn; O; Zn; C
C) Cu; K; O; H
D) Cu; K; B; Mn
E) Mn; Zn; B; N

Question 32

Root branching occurs from the _____, while root elongation occurs from the _____.

A) lateral meristem; root meristem
B) apical meristem; root cap
C) pericycle; apical meristem
D) apical meristem; pericycle
E) pericycle; root cap

Question 33

Vessel elements are to xylem as _____ are to phloem.

A) tracheids
B) sclerenchyma
C) sieve-tube members
D) companion cells
E) sieve plates

Question 34

When water enters guard cells, turgor pressure _____ and the stomata _____.

A) increases; open
B) decreases; open
C) increases; close
D) decreases; close
E) does not change; close

Question 35

Removing bark from a tree means that _____ are removed.

A) phloem, cortex, cork cambium, and cork
B) vascular cambium, phloem, cork cambium, and cork
C) xylem, vascular cambium, and phloem
D) cortex, cork cambium, and cork
E) vascular cambium, cortex, cork cambium, and xylem

Question 36

In contrast to a simple leaf, a compound leaf

A) has a blade that is divided into leaflets.
B) contains leaflets with individual lateral buds.
C) lacks a petiole.
D) occurs only near the terminal bud.
E) occurs only between internodes.

Question 37

Which of the following is an incorrect match between a root structure and its function?

A) endodermis - regulates mineral entrance into vascular tissues
B) epidermis - forms root hairs for absorption
C) pericycle - contains starch granules
D) cortex - food storage
E) pith - food storage

Question 38

In your garden, you observe a single pea plant that is much smaller and not growing well, despite being surrounded by other normal plants. You dig it up to discover that it has a weak, shallow root system. You suspect that the plant may be lacking

A) a micronutrient.
B) mycorrhizal fungi.
C) oxygen.
D) carbon.
E) hydrogen.

Question 39

Which of the following cell types are most likely to be involved in the long-term storage of food for a plant?

A) mesophyll
B) parenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) sclerenchyma
E) epidermis

Question 40

In the trunk of a tree, the epidermis is replaced by _____ that is produced by the _____.

A) cork cells; cork cambium
B) epidermal; vascular cambium
C) cuticle; vascular cambium
D) wood; cork cambium
E) sclerenchyma; cork cambium

Question 41

Which group of ground tissue cells will help carry out photosynthesis?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) xylem
E) phloem

Question 42

What is the main reason that farmers practice crop rotation?

A) Crop rotation will help replenish the soil's supply of nitrogen.
B) Crop rotation will help replenish the soil's supply of hydrogen.
C) Rotation of crops allows for an increased chance of profit.
D) Government regulations require farmers to rotate crops every year.
E) Crop rotation will help replenish the soil's supply of carbon.

Question 43

The outermost layer of bark is comprised of

A) vascular cambium
B) phloem
C) cortex
D) cork cambium
E) cork

Question 44

Which plant tissue type helps carry out the function of a particular plant organ?

A) ground
B) epidermis
C) vascular
D) xylem
E) trichomes

Question 45

In the pressure-flow model, what starts the flow of phloem contents?

A) sugar is actively transported into sieve tubes and water follows by osmosis
B) water leaves the sieve tubes by osmosis, after which sugar is actively transported into the sieve tubes
C) water is actively transported into sieve tubes, and then sugar enters by osmosis
D) both water and sugar are actively transported into the sieve tubes
E) sugar is actively transported into companion cells and water follows by osmosis

Question 46

Which nutrient tends to become depleted due to traditional farming practices?

A) nitrogen
B) sulfur
C) calcium
D) phosphate
E) hydrogen

Question 47

Which feature determines whether or not a nutrient is a macronutrient or a micronutrient?

A) The concentration of the nutrient in the plant tissue.
B) The concentration of the nutrient in the soil.
C) The molecular size of the nutrient.
D) The availability of the nutrient in the environment.
E) The time of the year that the nutrient becomes available to the plant.

Question 48

Which type of ground tissue makes the plant cell tough and hard due to secondary walls composed of lignin?

A) sclerenchyma
B) parenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) xylem
E) cambium

Question 49

Which zone of the eudicot root tip is formed from the division of the apical meristem cells?

A) zone of maturation
B) zone of elongation
C) zone of cell division
D) root cap
E) epidermis

Question 50

Which layer of the woody stem is composed of spring wood and summer wood?

A) phloem
B) pith
C) cortex
D) annual ring
E) bark

Question 51

Which type of vascular tissue will contain vessel elements in order to transport water and minerals?

A) xylem
B) phloem
C) sieve tube members
D) parenchyma cells
E) collenchyma cells

Question 52

In which part of the plant will primary growth occur?

A) apical meristem
B) internode
C) xylem
D) sclerenchyma
E) parenchyma

Question 53

Which root adaptation enables plants to access atmospheric nitrogen?

A) root nodules that are colonized by bacteria
B) a mutualistic relationship with fungi
C) stomata that allow the diffusion of nitrogen through the epidermis of the leaf
D) thin cell membranes that are porous enough to allow for the diffusion of nitrogen into the root system
E) bacteria that live within the leaves of the plants that absorb nitrogen and make it available for the plant

Question 54

Mineral transport in plants occurs

A) through xylem tissue when sugars are present.
B) through both xylem and phloem tissue.
C) due to osmosis of water out of tracheids.
D) through xylem tissue as the water column is pulled upward.
E) continuously through phloem in both directions.

Question 55

Which plant tissue type transports water and nutrients throughout the plant?

A) vascular
B) epidermis
C) ground
D) dermis
E) parenchyma

Question 56

Which plant system will consist of the terminal bud, blade, petiole, and node?

A) shoot system
B) root system
C) vascular system
D) epidermal tissue
E) ground tissue

Question 57

Which feature best describes the appearance ofvascular bundles of a nonwoody monocot stem?

A) The vascular bundles are scattered.
B) The vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
C) There are no vascular bundles in a nonwoody monocot stem.
D) The vascular bundles are arranged in parallel lines.
E) The vascular bundles are arranged in squares.

Question 58

What is the correct order of root zones starting with the root tip and moving upward?

A) cell division - elongation - maturation
B) elongation - cell division - maturation
C) maturation - elongation - cell division
D) cell division - maturation - elongation
E) cell division - root cap - elongation

Question 59

Which layer is the central most layer in a woody stem?

A) bark
B) pith
C) wood
D) secondary xylem
E) phloem

Question 60

Which plant tissue type forms a protective covering of the plant?

A) epidermal
B) vascular
C) ground
D) xylem
E) parenchyma

Question 61

What is a plant's typical response to water stress?

A) The stomata will close.
B) The plasmodesmata will close.
C) Water will enter the guard cells causing them to swell.
D) Turgor pressure will increase.
E) The plant will increase the rate of photosynthesis.