Deck 6: States of Consciousness

Question 1

In both Blindsight and visual agnosia, individuals display knowledge of which they are not consciously aware.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

During REM sleep, your body is typically less physiologically aroused than during wakefulness.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Automatic processing involves the voluntary use of attention and conscious effort.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

REM sleep decreases consistently across the life span from infancy to late adulthood.

Question 5

The sleep disorder narcolepsy involves extreme daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep attacks.

Question 6

Research has shown that when people are awoken during non-REM sleep they report experiencing a dream between 15 and 50 percent of the time.

Question 7

The suggestion that sleep is a mechanism for conserving energy is evidence for the restoration model for why we sleep.

Question 8

Slow-wave sleep refers to sleep stages 3 and 4.

Question 9

REM sleep is the only stage of sleep in which we dream or experience mental activity.

Question 10

Both jet lag and seasonal affective disorder can be treated by controlled exposure to light.

Question 11

According to the modular model of the mind, consciousness arises from the interaction of separate but interacting subsystems or units.

Question 12

Sleep spindles are a characteristic of sleep stage 2.

Question 13

Because of our natural free-running circadian cycle, it is easier for us to adjust when we travel west rather than east.

Question 14

Your friend just begana new job that requires her to work in shifts. She has a choice between taking a forward rotating shiftwork schedule and a backward rotating shiftwork schedule. To take advantage of the body's free-running circadian rhythms, you would advise her to choose the forward rotating schedule.

Question 15

The fact that people experience a REM-rebound effect if they are deprived of REM sleep contradicts the hypothesis that REM sleep serves a special function.

Question 16

According to Freud, the unconscious contains mental material that is currently outside of present awareness but that can be easily recalled under certain ordinary conditions.

Question 17

The most common means of measuring consciousness is through the use of behavioural measures like performance on tasks like the rouge test.

Question 18

Free-running circadian rhythms are typically a little shorter than 24 hours.

Question 19

Some of the basic characteristics of consciousness are that it is subjective, private, and dynamic.

Question 20

In a study discussed in the text, both short-term total sleep deprivation (up to 45 hours without sleep) and partial sleep deprivation (sleeping no more than 5 hours per night for one or more consecutive nights) had large negative effects on mood, cognitive performance, and physical performance.

Question 21

Research on "alcohol myopia" has found that intoxicated and sober individuals have similar negative attitudes regarding drinking and driving.

Question 22

An agonist is a drug that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter.

Question 23

Research has supported that hypnosis can have striking physiological effects that cannot be replicated with non-hypnotized participants.

Question 24

Studies of hypnosis have found that it can increase pain tolerance and reduce the subjective experience of pain, but it appears that these effects are primarily placebo effects.

Question 25

Which of the following was mentioned as a characteristic of consciousness?

A)Consciousness is static and constant.
B)Consciousness is objective and public.
C)Consciousness is separate from the process of selective attention.
D)Consciousness is self-reflective.

Question 26

Research has indicated that some of the "involuntary" behaviour produced by hypnosis may be related to the fact that the hypnotist is perceived as an authority figure in a legitimate context.

Question 27

Characteristics of consciousness include that it is

A)subjective and public
B)static and private
C)self-reflective and dynamic
D)objective and central to our sense of self

Question 28

The fact that we drift in and out of various states each day is most relevant to which of the following characteristics of consciousness?

A)Consciousness is subjective.
B)Consciousness is private.
C)Consciousness is dynamic.
D)Consciousness is self-reflective.

Question 29

The rouge test was discussed as an example of which method of measuring consciousness?

A)Self-report measure
B)Physiological measure
C)Behavioural measure
D)Hypnotic measure

Question 30

The two major effects of hallucinogens are to reduce pain and to cause mood changes such as euphoria.

Question 31

Kim is skeptical of all psychotherapy because no matter how hard she tries, no one can experience the reality she feels. Kim knows that her conscious self is ______________.

A)static
B)objective
C)private
D)stable

Question 32

The dissociation theory of hypnosis proposes that hypnosis creates a division of awareness.

Question 33

The most common way of measuring states of consciousness is with the use of

A)standardized tests
B)self-report measures
C)physical measures
D)hypnosis

Question 34

A sleep researcher uses EEG recordings to monitor the sleep stages of a patient with a sleep disorder. This researcher's method for measuring an aspect of consciousness would be considered as an example of a ___________ measure.

A)behavioural
B)physiological
C)brain imaging
D)physical

Question 35

If a drug does not produce tolerance or withdrawal, you cannot become dependent on it.

Question 36

Psychologists define the moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environments as

A)controlled processing
B)automatic processing
C)consciousness
D)dissociation

Question 37

Masahiro carries on detailed and quite fluent conversations with himself in the middle of the night. His wife suspects that he is not really asleep and insists he be tested at the university sleep lab one night. The EEG revealed he was truly asleep while conversing with himself. The brain activity helped the researchers establish ___________________.

A)the correspondence between his mental state and the deep stages of sleep
B)that his conversations were delusional and corresponded to his fatigue levels
C)that when he awoke he could remember what he had said
D)the correspondence between stressful events in his life and his sleep stages

Question 38

According to the text, research has found that people who use marijuana are more likely to start using other, more dangerous drugs.

Question 39

Cognitive-process theories of dreaming argue that dreams are the product of the higher brain centres interpreting random neural activity generated by lower brain areas.

Question 40

Amphetamines heighten arousal and mood by causing neurons to release dopamine and norepinephrine and by inhibiting the reuptake of those neurotransmitters.

Question 41

Which of the following lists Freud's three levels of consciousness?

A)Ego, id, and superego
B)Automatic, controlled, and compensatory
C)Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
D)Preconscious, unconscious, and nonconscious

Question 42

Which of the following approaches is similar to Freud's in that it challenges the notion that the mind is a single 'entity' or process?

A)Cognitive
B)Behaviourist
C)Modular
D)Emotional unconscious

Question 43

A researcher who assumes that unconscious processes are not adversarial to the conscious mind but instead serve to support and supplement our normal conscious awareness, would most likely identify with the ___________ perspective of the unconscious.

A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive
C)hypnotic
D)Freudian

Question 44

Barbara is very upset when she sees Peter. But at first, she doesn't know why she got upset. Later, when Peter is telling a joke at lunch, Barbara remembers how much he had embarrassed her telling crude jokes to her parents at an elegant restaurant. According to Freud's three levels of consciousness, the reason Barbara was upset with Peter had been in her _____________ mind until it moved to her ___________ mind.

A)unconscious; conscious
B)conscious; preconscious
C)preconscious; conscious
D)unconscious; preconscious

Question 45

According to the text, activities that are performed with little or no conscious effort are said to involve a(n) ____________ processing.

A)automatic
B)controlled
C)unconscious
D)conscious

Question 46

Cognitive psychologists view conscious and unconscious mental life as

A)two levels in Freud's three-level model of consciousness
B)complementary forms of information processing
C)the sources of controlled and automatic processing
D)analogous to selective versus divided attention

Question 47

While watching a basketball game on TV, something that happens during the game reminds Dante of a high school game that he played in almost 20 years ago. Since the memory was not in Dante's current awareness, yet he was easily able to remember it when the memory was triggered, Freud would have considered this memory as existing in the ___________ mind.

A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)unconscious
D)subconscious

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT an example of research that supports the notion that nonconscious processing can influence behaviour?

A)The rouge test
B)Placebo effects
C)Split-brain patients
D)Subliminal perception

Question 49

Bargh and Chartand (1999) subliminally presented a group of college students with words that were either positive (e.g., friend, music, clown) or negative (e.g., cancer, worm, Monday). Their study found that

A)only the subliminally presented negative words produced a change in mood
B)only the subliminally presented positive words produced a change in mood
C)subliminally presented words created moods similar to the valence of the words (e.g., negative words created sadder moods and positive words created happier moods)
D)subliminally presented words created the opposite mood (e.g., negative words created happier moods)

Question 50

Susan is currently studying for an exam in this course and she is thinking about and attempting to memorize Freud's three levels of consciousness. According to his levels, Susan's current thoughts would be categorized as occurring in the

A)conscious mind
B)preconscious mind
C)unconscious mind
D)behavioural mind

Question 51

Hannah was concentrating on studying for her psychology midterm exam. Sometimes during the evening she found herself feeling so anxious and troubled that her studying was interrupted, but she could not figure out what had happened to upset her so much. According to Freud, what was upsetting Hannah was in her ____________ mind.

A)conscious
B)unconscious
C)preconscious
D)subconscious

Question 52

A psychodynamic therapist is working with Jeff, who is depressed. The therapist assumes that Jeff has specific sexual urges that are so anxiety-provoking and guilt-inducing that under normal circumstances, Jeff would not be able to bring these urges into his ordinary conscious awareness. According to Freud, these urges would be considered as existing in the ___________ mind.

A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)subconscious
D)unconscious

Question 53

The measures of consciousness that are considered to be objective are the __________________ measures.

A)self-report and physiological
B)self-report and behavioural
C)physiological and conscious
D)physiological and behavioural

Question 54

Research on the impact of unconscious processes on emotional responses has found that

A)unconscious processes will not have an effect on either positive or negative emotional responses
B)unconscious processes only have an effect on negative emotional responses
C)unconscious processes only have an effect on positive emotional responses
D)unconscious processes can have an effect on both positive and negative emotional responses

Question 55

When a person is learning how to type, their behaviour usually involves a controlled processing, but someone who can type quickly, efficiently, and accurately is probably utilizingmore of a(n) ____________ processing.

A)compensatory
B)automatic
C)effortful
D)conscious

Question 56

According to a model of the mind, consciousness arises from the integrated activities of various information-processing subsystems or networks that are responsible for such tasks as memory, problem solving, and emotion. This is the ________ model of the mind.

A)automatic
B)compensatory
C)single entity
D)modular

Question 57

Looking at a map and deciding what route to take to a new destination would be considered an example of

A)compensatory processing
B)controlled processing
C)automatic processing
D)preconscious processing

Question 58

A professional basketball player is able to shoot a basketball without really thinking about the particular muscle movements needed to do this. For this athlete, such an action would be said to involve

A)automatic processing
B)controlled processing
C)compensatory processing
D)conscious processing

Question 59

Which of the following is most representative of the cognitive perspective on the unconscious mind?

A)The unconscious mind is driven by instinctive urges that the conscious mind acts upon.
B)The preconscious mind is driven by repressed conflicts that are stored in the unconscious mind.
C)The conscious and unconscious mental activities are complementary forms of processing information.
D)Preconscious mental activities are regulated by the emotional conscious.

Question 60

Automobile accident rates are three or four times higher when people talk on the telephone while driving. This statistic demonstrates

A)the limits of controlled(effortful) processing
B)the limits of selective attention
C)the limits of the unconscious mind
D)the limits of divided attention

Question 61

One reason that night shiftwork has a detrimental effect on circadian rhythms is that

A)there isn't enough variability in the sleep schedules of night shiftworkers
B)the nature of night shiftwork is more physically taxing than other types of work typically done during the day
C)night shiftworkers often do not get enough sleep
D)night shiftworkers often go home in the morning daylight, which makes it difficult to reset their circadian clocks

Question 62

The hormone secreted from the pineal gland, that has a relaxing effect on the body, and plays an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms is called

A)dopamine
B)acetylcholine
C)serotonin
D)melatonin

Question 63

Which of the following environmental factors helps to reset our 24-hour biological clock?

A)A standard amount of daylight we receive in a day
B)A standard amount of sleep we get each night
C)Exposure to light after a night of sleep
D)Exposure to darkness prior to a night of sleep

Question 64

Of the alternatives below, the most problematic circadian disruption for society is caused by

A)night shiftwork
B)seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
C)jet lag
D)switching between Standard Time and Daylight Savings Time

Question 65

If someone is placed in a dark cave or room where they are not exposed to the changing light conditions of night and day, what will happen to them if they stay there for a prolonged period of time?

A)They will tend to get up at roughly the same time each day.
B)They will tend to get up earlier and earlier each day.
C)They will tend to get up earlier but go to bed later each day.
D)They will tend to get up later and later each day.

Question 66

The inability to recognize objects is known as

A)visual agnosia
B)blindsight
C)a vegetative state
D)narcolepsy

Question 67

Assume that you were a physician who is treating a person with seasonal affective disorder. Based on your knowledge of effective treatments for this problem, which of the following would you recommend?

A)Encourage the person to get more sleep at night.
B)Suggest that the person should go to bed earlier than she has been and get up earlier.
C)Expose her to artificial bright lights for 1-2 hours each day.
D)Recommend that she should move to a region that has less light during the day in the winters.

Question 68

For the past few years, Jane has been becoming depressed during the winters. It usually starts around October and continues until February or March, when her mood usually starts to improve. Jane is most likely suffering from

A)seasonal dissociative disorder
B)seasonal affective disorder
C)dissociative identity disorder
D)seasonal circadian disorder

Question 69

The suprachiasmatic nuclei, or SCN, are responsible for the regulation of

A)breathing and respiration
B)memory creation and storage
C)circadian rhythms
D)motor activity

Question 70

A number of recent theoretical models propose the existence of separate but integrated information-processing units within the brain that perform various tasks, such as sensation, perception, and motor behaviour. These units are called

A)modules
B)glands
C)procedures
D)operations

Question 71

The ability of individuals with either visual agnosia or blindsight to show some unconscious awareness of objects demonstrates the role of

A)controlled processing
B)automatic processing
C)divided attention
D)preconscious

Question 72

Research by Owen and colleagues indicates that individuals in a vegetative state

A)appear to be awake but are unaware of their surroundings
B)can answer simple yes/no questions
C)demonstrate some awareness of the environment using brain scans
D)are immobile and unresponsive

Question 73

Individuals, who report being unable to see at all and yet show some unconscious awareness of stimuli in the environment, suffer from

A)visual agnosia
B)blindsight
C)a vegetative state
D)narcolepsy

Question 74

Jose and Carlos were both hired to work the night shift at the local canning factory. Jose sleeps when he gets home from about 7am until 3pm during the week and then sleeps at night on the weekends so that he can spend time with his children. Carlos is not married and tries to sleep at the same time every day, from 7am until 3 pm both during the week and on the weekends. All other factors being equal which of the following statements is most likely true?

A)Carlos becomes unable to keep to his sleep schedule when he occasionally has an appointment during the daytime hours.
B)Carlos is less drowsy on the job and makes fewer errors than Jose.
C)Jose is more successful at keeping the schedule because the weekend night sleep helps him get through the week.
D)Jose is less drowsy on the job and makes fewer errors than Carlos.

Question 75

When flying, jet lag problems are more compatible with our free-running circadian cycle and we have less difficulty flying to the _______ because this ___________ the day.

A)east; lengthens
B)east; shortens
C)west; lengthens
D)west; shortens

Question 76

Vanessa finds herself suffering from extreme sadness every winter. She has always been sensitive to the weather, but on some winter days it is very hard for her to get up and get going in the morning. It is dark in the morning when she leaves for school and dark in the early evening when she comes home. Which of the following is most likely responsible for Vanessa's sadness?

A)The lack of sunlight in the morning
B)The body's production of excessive suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) during the winter months
C)An underactive pineal gland that fails to secrete enough melatonin
D)The circadian rhythm adjusts the body to a 22-hour cycle in the winter months

Question 77

When our circadian clocks are not reset each day, they run on a cycle which is a little longer than 24 hours. This is called a ______________ circadian rhythm.

A)free-running
B)compensatory
C)synchronized
D)desynchronized

Question 78

During the day, superchiasmatic nuclei help to raise the body temperature and increase alertness by reducing the pineal gland's secretion of ___________.

A)melatonin
B)endorphins
C)neurotransmitter molecules
D)antagonistic molecules

Question 79

Jet lag, seasonal affective disorder, and night shiftwork, all involve the disruption of

A)compensatory responses
B)sleep
C)controlled processing
D)circadian rhythms

Question 80

If our circadian clocks are not reset each morning by exposure to light, they

A)still run exactly on a 24-hour cycle
B)tend to run on a 12-hour cycle
C)tend to run a cycle that is a little shorter than 24 hours
D)tend to run a cycle that is a little longer than 24 hours