Deck 14: Personality

Question 1

When a person performs a task in order to pursue enhanced self-esteem the result can produce benefits for self-esteem but sometimes it can also produce costs like poor mental health.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Studies have revealed that personality traits tend to be significantly more consistent across time than they are across situations.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Factor analysis is one of the primary tools used by trait researchers who base their trait estimations on particular personality theories or intuition.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Sigmund Freud specifically used the techniques of free association and dream analysis to increase the ego strength of his patients.

Question 5

In the humanistic perspective of personality development, the concept "self-consistency" means the same thing as "congruence".

Question 6

Individuals who are high in self-monitoring tend to appear less consistent in their behaviours across situations.

Question 7

The systematic statistical approach that attempts to find clusters of specific behaviours that are correlated with one another is known as factor analysis.

Question 8

The hydraulic engine and other innovations designed to harness the power of physical energy were particularly influential as metaphors for Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis.

Question 9

According to Carl Rogers, limitations that determine when people approve or disapprove of themselves are known as conditions of worth.

Question 10

The humanistic notion that people are motivated to preserve their self-concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence is known as self-enhancement.

Question 11

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego is sometimes called the "executive of personality" because it must formulate compromises between the id's wants, the environment's demands, and the superego's constraints.

Question 12

The concept of personality is based on the observation that people differ in meaningful ways and that people behave somewhat consistently across situations and over time.

Question 13

One of the criticisms of psychoanalytic theory is that it is so broad and comprehensive that it can explain almost any behavioural outcome and is therefore difficult to falsify.

Question 14

Eysenck's theory of personality included three dimensions: Introversion-Extraversion, Stability-Instability and Psychoticism-Self-Control.

Question 15

Criticisms of the humanistic approach to personality include that it relies too heavily on self-report and sometimes utilizes apparently circular reasoning.

Question 16

In Western cultures, both men and women prize attributes like emotional strength, and self-sufficiency.

Question 17

According to Sigmund Freud, the superego is also often considered to be "executive of the personality" because of its moral and ethical standards.

Question 18

One of the important factors to consider when evaluating the usefulness of a theory is whether the theory stimulates the discovery of new knowledge.

Question 19

Eysenck's biological theory is based on the assumption that there is an optimal level of biological arousal in the brain and that individuals who are quiet, reserved, and introverted are chronically overaroused.

Question 20

The humanistic concept of self-actualization, specifically refers to people's need to maintain a consistent and congruent self-concept.

Question 21

Bob stands up, raises his hands in the air, and yells at the top of his lungs. If you know that he is doing this at a well-attended baseball game, you don't necessarily think that this information provides you with much information about Bob's personality. However, if you are told that Bob does this while waiting in line for groceries at the super market, this same behaviour has more impact on your estimation of what kind of person Bob is. This second instance of Bob's behaviour provides information that contributes significantly to inferences regarding personality and demonstrates the contribution of _____________.

A)consistency
B)internalization
C)self-efficacy
D)individuality

Question 22

A new theory is able to provide a comprehensive explanation of behaviour in a particular area, generates relatively accurate predictions, and stimulates the development of new knowledge. Personality theorists would consider such a theory to be _______________.

A)confirmed
B)definite
C)useful
D)proven

Question 23

The concept of reciprocal determinism argues that the person, the person's behaviour, and the environment can each influence one another.

Question 24

Four factors that can influence self-efficacy: previous performance attainment, observational learning, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal.

Question 25

Although projective techniques to assess personality are based on the assumption that a person will interpret ambiguous stimuli based on their personal needs, feelings and perspectives, responses are assessed by comparing them to expected responses.

Question 26

All other things being equal, it is usually best to set outcome goals rather than performance goals.

Question 27

The distinctive and relatively consistent ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize a person's responses to various life situations is defined as

A)self-efficacy
B)object relations
C)personality
D)self-verification

Question 28

Of the standards below, there is one that is NOT used to evaluate the usefulness of a personality theory

A)how well the theory provides a comprehensive framework in which known material can be incorporated
B)if the theory allows the prediction of future events with some precision
C)if the theory generates data and results that apply generally to all people
D)how well the theory stimulates the discovery of new knowledge

Question 29

All of the following were mentioned as characteristics of the behaviours typically associated with personality EXCEPT behaviours that are viewed as

A)components of identity
B)being primarily caused by unconscious factors
C)being primarily caused by internal factors
D)fitting together in an organized fashion

Question 30

Though his original theory of personality has been and continues to be criticized, Freud's ideas served to inspire the work of other personality theorists who have made significant contributions to the field. In this sense, Freud's theory could be considered "useful" because it

A)stimulated the discovery of new knowledge
B)suggested that personality is shaped by behaviours that appear to fit together
C)allowed researchers to predict future events with relative accuracy
D)provided a comprehensive framework to explain known facts

Question 31

Success for individuals with low self-esteem generates doubt and anxiety.

Question 32

Freud's ideas regarding the power of the unconscious were shaped largely by observations of people with which of the following disorders?

A)Depression
B)Conversion hysteria
C)Schizophrenia
D)Multiple personality

Question 33

Two common observations that give rise to the concept of personality are

A)individuality and organization
B)individuality and consistency
C)organization and structure
D)consistency and identity

Question 34

Freud's observations of people with conversion hysteria convinced him of the power of

A)sublimation
B)the superego
C)conscious defence mechanisms
D)the unconscious mind

Question 35

Which of the following was mentioned as being a characteristic of a personality theory that is useful for psychologists?

A)A personality theory is useful if it has been proven to be true.
B)A personality theory is useful if it focuses more on consistency than on individuality.
C)A personality theory is useful if it appears to fit together in a meaningful fashion.
D)A personality theory is useful if it stimulates the discovery of new knowledge.

Question 36

Julian Rotter's concept of self-efficacy is specifically concerned with the amount of control and influence that people feel they have in their lives.

Question 37

According to the text, one of the principles of effective goal setting is to set specific outcome goals.

Question 38

Researchers using behavioural assessments use elaborate coding systems that are designed to categorize and classify relevant behaviours.

Question 39

Sally tends to be shy when she is in class, when she is with friends in her dorm, and also when she is home with her family. This example best demonstrates one of the factors that shapes our notions of personality called the concept of behavioural _____________.

A)consistency
B)validity
C)internalization
D)individuality

Question 40

The MMPI is a psychological test that was created using what is called the rational approach to test construction.

Question 41

Susan's therapist quickly recognizes that Susan keeps falling in love with men with personality traits just like her father. The trouble is, none of these men seem to be good enough for her. Susan's therapist is looking at personality traits through a ______ perspective.

A)social cognitive
B)biological
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 42

Freud divided personality into three separate but interacting structures called

A)the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind
B)the id, ego, and superego
C)repression, denial, and sublimation
D)self-consistency, conditions of worth, and self-esteem

Question 43

The ego functions primarily at the conscious level of mind and operates according to the ____________.

A)unconscious mind
B)pleasure principle
C)preconscious mind
D)reality principle

Question 44

Freud argued that instinctual urges and desires continually give rise to energy. The energy created by this process serves to power the mind and constantly needs to be released in either direct or indirect ways. Freud termed this as ________________.

A)psychic energy
B)sublimation
C)repression
D)free association

Question 45

Which of the following personality structures is sometimes referred to as the "executive of the personality", as it needs to deal with the demands of the other two structures?

A)The ego
B)The id
C)The preconscious mind
D)The superego

Question 46

As you are reading this question, you are presently aware of these words and reflecting on their meanings. According to Freud, these mental events are taking place in the

A)unconscious mind
B)nonconscious mind
C)conscious mind
D)preconscious mind

Question 47

According to Freud, the activities of this structure are primarily governed by the pleasure principle. This structure is called the

A)id
B)ego
C)preconscious
D)superego

Question 48

In his original conceptualization of psychoanalytic theory, Freud considered the personality to be an energy system that was very similar to

A)a chemical reaction
B)thermostat
C)a steam engine
D)an automobile

Question 49

According to Freud's theory of personality, part of the personality present at birth contains inborn biological drives and operates under the pleasure principle. This is the _______.

A)ego
B)superego
C)alter ego
D)id

Question 50

All of the following were methods that Freud used to discover hidden unconscious material EXCEPT

A)hypnosis
B)sublimation
C)dream analysis
D)free association

Question 51

Through the process of identification with significant others, most often parents, the ideals of these significant others are internalized creating the _____________.

A)ego
B)id and ego
C)superego
D)id

Question 52

Which of the following statements regarding Freud's psychoanalytic theory is true?

A)The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious minds are roughly equivalent in size.
B)The preconscious mind is substantially larger than the conscious or unconscious mind.
C)The conscious mind is substantially larger than the unconscious or preconscious mind.
D)The unconscious mind is substantially larger than the conscious or preconscious mind.

Question 53

When treating people with conversion hysteria, Freud noticed that people with this disorder often appeared to improve when

A)they re-experienced traumatic memories and feelings
B)their superegos were strengthened
C)their defence mechanisms became more balanced
D)they sublimated their sexual and aggressive energies

Question 54

Assuming that you are not currently thinking about what you did during your last summer vacation Freud would say that your memory would most likely reside in the

A)unconscious mind
B)preconscious mind
C)nonconscious mind
D)conscious mind

Question 55

Because it must juggle and balance moral imperatives, unconscious desires, and the realities of life, the ego is sometimes called the "______________ of the personality."

A)Manager
B)Secretary
C)Director
D)Executive

Question 56

The ego and superego are similar in that both

A)are governed by the reality principle
B)strive to control the impulses of the id
C)are shaped through the process of identification
D)function primarily at the preconscious level of mind

Question 57

On Randy's 11^th birthday, his grandmother asks him whether or not he remembers the cake he had last year on his 10^th birthday. Although Randy was not thinking about last year's cake when his grandmother asked the question, he was easily able to recall the cake at his party last year. In this case, the memory of the cake from his 10^thbirthday moved from his _____________ to his ______________.

A)unconscious; conscious
B)preconscious; conscious
C)unconscious; preconscious
D)preconscious; preconscious

Question 58

When confronted by potentially overwhelming urges, in order to reject or distort reality and thus effectively reduce the anxiety that accompanies these urges, the ego may resort to what are called _______________.

A)free associations
B)conditions of worth
C)archetypes
D)defence mechanisms

Question 59

Why is the ego sometimes referred to as the "executive of the personality"?

A)It is the first to form and therefore the most senior personality structure.
B)It functions primarily in the conscious mind, which represents the highest level of mental functioning.
C)It must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.
D)It generates and provides the psychic energy upon which the other personality structures depend.

Question 60

Id is to pleasure principle, as ego is to _____________, as superego is to ____________.

A)conscious; preconscious
B)defence mechanisms; psychosexual stages
C)reality principle; moralistic goals
D)repression; archetypes

Question 61

The Oedipus complex is thought to take place during the

A)anal stage
B)latency stage
C)oral stage
D)phallic stage

Question 62

During a conversation with a friend, Al starts to get angry at what she is saying. This is an emotion that he considers inappropriate and childish. As a result, instead of noticing his own anger, he erroneously begins to believe that his friend is becoming angry, even though she is doing no such thing. This example best demonstrates the defence mechanism of

A)reaction formation
B)projection
C)sublimation
D)displacement

Question 63

Ronnie's new roommate, Tim, is driving him crazy! His roommate is a compulsive neat freak who cannot tolerate anything left out of place in the apartment. Not only that, but Tim insists the cleaning be done in a certain way and at a certain time each day. If Tim were to seek advice from a psychoanalyst, Tim might be told that his compulsions are the result of harsh toilet training when Tim was a child. This suggests Tim is stuck in the ___________ psychosexual stage of development.

A)anal
B)genital
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 64

Which of the following best captures the orientation of the object relations approach?

A)It focuses on childhood sexuality and defence mechanisms.
B)It focuses on the mental images created by significant experiences with caregivers.
C)It focuses on people's motives to advance the welfare of others and to compensate for real or imagined defects.
D)It focuses on our innate tendencies for growth and self-actualization.

Question 65

Psychoanalysts generally agree that the primary defence mechanism utilized by the ego to control the anxiety-generating urges created by the id is the

A)sublimation
B)denial
C)repression
D)reaction formation

Question 66

Which of the following was mentioned as a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A)His theory failed to stimulate any further theoretical advances.
B)His concepts were ambiguous and difficult to operationally define.
C)His theory was not complex enough.
D)His theory was too specific and not comprehensive enough.

Question 67

Neoanalytic theorists such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung departed from traditional psychoanalytic theory in that they

A)were less optimistic than Sigmund Freud regarding human nature
B)assumed that personality is almost entirely shaped during childhood
C)believed childhood sexuality needed to be emphasized even more
D)believed that Sigmund Freud did not place enough emphasis on social and cultural factors

Question 68

John Bowlby's attachment theory was discussed as being derived directly from which of the following approaches?

A)Erik Erickson's life-span development approach
B)Alfred Adler's inferiority complex model
C)Object relations theory
D)Carl Jung's theory of analytic psychology

Question 69

Constructs such as the collective unconscious and archetypes are part of

A)Carl Jung's theory of analytic psychology
B)Erik Erickson's theory of social interest
C)Carl Rogers's self theory
D)John Bowlby's object relations theory

Question 70

Which of the following presents the proper order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A)Anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital
B)Oral, anal, genital, latency, and phallic
C)Oral, anal, latency, phallic, and genital
D)Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 71

John is a rather aggressive person with lots of energy. He sometimes got into trouble for aggressive behaviour as a teenager, but he has recently vented his aggressive feelings by playing rugby on a local team. Instead of getting into trouble for his aggressive behaviour, John now finds that he is considered to be a well-respected and valuable rugby player by his teammates. According to Freud, joining the rugby team would best be considered an example of the defence mechanism of

A)sublimation
B)denial
C)projection
D)repression

Question 72

One of the primary drawbacks of psychoanalytic theory is that

A)none of Sigmund Freud's propositions have held up under research
B)it is so comprehensive that it is hard to test specific predictions
C)it is so limited in details that it doesn't explain enough
D)it failed to stimulate future research

Question 73

Terry has been diagnosed with terminal cancer. Rather than spending his time and money on vacations and activities he enjoys, Terry spends his time seeking alternative forms of medicine and increasing his retirement investment portfolio. Rather than realistically approaching his situation, he appears to be using the defence mechanism of _______.

A)sublimation
B)projection
C)displacement
D)denial

Question 74

When the erogenous zones associated with various psychosexual stages are exposed to deprivations or overindulgences, a state of arrested development may occur that psychoanalytic theorists call

A)compulsion
B)fixation
C)obsession
D)repression

Question 75

Kathy's father was an abusive alcoholic and as a result of her early experience, Kathy has a distorted mental image of all fathers as being abusive people. According to a certain theory, there will be an unconscious influence on Kathy's future relationships with men. This view is represented by the

A)humanistic theory
B)object relations theory
C)Erik Erickson's life-span development approach
D)Bandura's social cognitive theory

Question 76

Which of the following statements regarding current research on unconscious processes is most accurate?

A)Surprisingly, modern research results have confirmed that the vast majority of Freud's ideas are accurate.
B)As was the case with more traditional studies, modern research techniques have failed to find any support for Freud's theory.
C)Though advances have been made, we still do not have the technology available to test any of Freud's theory.
D)Modern techniques have shown that unconscious processing does occur, but the nature of this processing appears to be less volatile than Freud assumed.

Question 77

A present-day look at psychoanalytic theory reveals that there is some research evidence indicating that unconscious processing occurs and that many modern psychodynamic theorists reject Freud's ideas about

A)sexual fantasies
B)obesity
C)childhood sexuality
D)toilet training

Question 78

Jake's girlfriend just broke up with him and Jake does not appear to be upset at all. Jake keeps talking about the strength of character he has developed and the interesting way in which his girlfriend decided to break up with him. Jake may be employing the ______________ defence mechanism.

A)intellectualization
B)denial
C)sublimation
D)projection

Question 79

Jeff likes to smoke cigars and when he doesn't have one of these, he often likes to suck on breath mints or other hard candies. In social situations, he tends to talk a lot, and because he really enjoys eating, is a little overweight. According to Freud's theory, Jeff most likely experienced a fixation at which psychosexual stage of development?

A)Anal
B)Genital
C)Oral
D)Phallic

Question 80

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, creative and artistic achievements arise from intrapsychic conflict, while in Roger's humanistic theory, they arise from _____________.

A)the need for congruence
B)the tendency toward realization of one's potential
C)the need for positive self-regard
D)the tendency toward self-enhancement