Deck 10: Solids and Liquids

Question 1

H₂O molecules experience hydrogen bonding.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Enthalpy of vaporization is the amount of energy needed to change from a liquid to a gas or from a gas to a liquid.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Solids can be easily compressed.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The energy change when 24 g of H₂O(g) condenses to a liquid at 100°C is 40.68 kJ. (ΔH_vap of H₂O = 40.68 kJ/mol; molar mass of H₂O = 18 g/mol)

Question 5

Hydrocarbons such as CH₄ experience strong hydrogen bonding.

Question 6

The formation of a gas from a liquid at temperatures below the boiling point is called evaporation.

Question 7

The process of a solid-to-gas change is called deposition.

Question 8

Melting is always an endothermic reaction.

Question 9

Adhesion is the tendency of a substance to interact with itself.

Question 10

The process of a liquid becoming a solid is called solidification.

Question 11

Polar molecules have a significantly higher boiling point than nonpolar molecules.

Question 12

Mercury has stronger adhesive forces than cohesive forces.

Question 13

ΔH will be negative for a solidification reaction.

Question 14

The vapor pressure for a substance is inversely proportional to the temperature.

Question 15

Dipole-dipole interactions are generally weaker than dispersion forces.

Question 16

A substance stays at the same temperature during melting.

Question 17

Vapor pressures of solids are typically much higher than that of liquids.

Question 18

Surface tension is an effect caused by an imbalance of forces on the atoms at the surface of a liquid.

Question 19

The partial pressure of the vapor at equilibrium is called the vapor pressure of the liquid.

Question 20

The strongest intermolecular forces present in a H₂S molecule are dispersion forces.

Question 21

Ionic solids are conductors of electricity in their solid state.

Question 22

By looking at the periodic table, identify the atom that would experience the strongest dispersion force.

A) N
B) O
C) Al
D) C
E) Cl

Question 23

An amorphous solid has no long-term structure or repetition.

Question 24

A reaction where the substance remains at the same temperature is called a(n) _____.

A) adiabatic process
B) isothermal process
C) isobaric process
D) polytrophic process
E) isochoric process

Question 25

Which of the following substances experience hydrogen bonding?

A) H₂O
B) HCl
C) CH₄
D) H₂S
E) C₆H₆

Question 26

Hydrogen bonds are formed when hydrogen is bonded to a(n) _____ atom.

A) sodium
B) chlorine
C) bromine
D) oxygen
E) iodine

Question 27

_____ is caused by the instantaneous position of an electron in a molecule, which temporarily makes that point of the molecule negatively charged and the rest of the molecule positively charged.

A) Dipole-dipole interaction
B) Hydrogen bonding
C) Ionic bonding
D) Covalent bonding
E) Dispersion force

Question 28

Carbon in its diamond form is a covalent network solid.

Question 29

Identify the substance for which the most significant intermolecular force will be the dispersion force.

A) NaCl
B) NH₃
C) HCl
D) C₃H₈
E) (CH₃)₂CO

Question 30

The process of a solid becoming a liquid is called _____.

A) boiling
B) normalization
C) solidification
D) freezing
E) melting

Question 31

For which of the following products will the most significant intermolecular force NOT be the dipole-dipole interaction?

A) HF
B) C₆H₅OH
C) HI
D) NH₃
E) CH₄

Question 32

Which of the following refers to the amount of energy required to convert a liquid to a gas?

A) Enthalpy of formation
B) Heat of fusion
C) Enthalpy of fusion
D) Heat of liquidation
E) Enthalpy of vaporization

Question 33

Identify the substance where the most significant intermolecular force would be the dispersion force.

A) HCl
B) HBr
C) C₂H₆
D) NaOH
E) NH₃

Question 34

Which of the following at best describes the enthalpy of fusion?

A) Energy needed to change from a liquid to gas
B) Temperature at which melting occurs
C) Temperature at which boiling occurs
D) Energy needed to change from a solid to liquid
E) Temperature at which a solid becomes conductive

Question 35

Considering the dispersion force, which of the following molecules is least likely to be a gas?

A) calcium
B) neon
C) nitrogen
D) oxygen

Question 36

What will happen to liquids when stored in zero gravity environments?

A) Liquids take the shape of the container.
B) Liquids Harden and become solid particles.
C) Liquids float in such environments.
D) Liquids expand to become a larger mass.
E) Liquids evaporate to become gases.

Question 37

The preferred phase of a substance at a given set of conditions is a balance between the _____ of the particles and intermolecular forces between the particles.

A) magnetic properties
B) energy
C) flammability
D) wavelength
E) frequency

Question 38

The temperature at which a substance in the solid state becomes a liquid is called the_____.

A) heat of formation
B) latent point
C) melting point
D) boiling point
E) entropy of fusion

Question 39

The element Ag will exist as a metallic solid in the solid state.

Question 40

A crystalline solid has a regular, repeating three-dimensional structure.

Question 41

_____ is the tendency of a substance to interact with other substances because of intermolecular forces.

A) Adhesion
B) Viscosity
C) Osmosis
D) Capillary action
E) Cohesion

Question 42

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure is called the _____.

A) enthalpy of fusion
B) boiling point
C) melting point
D) enthalpy of vaporization
E) freezing point

Question 43

Certain liquids tend to bead up when present in small amounts. What is the reason for this?

A) low surface tension
B) high vapor pressure
C) low vapor pressure
D) high surface tension
E) low density

Question 44

Which of the following terms refer to the solid-to-gas change of compounds?

A) Boiling
B) Normalization
C) Solidification
D) Deposition
E) Sublimation

Question 45

Which of the following is a major similarity between solids and liquids?

A) Strength of the intermolecular forces is the same in both the phases
B) Covalent bonds are not common in both the phases
C) The particles are in contact with each other in both the phases
D) Hydrogen bonds are not common in both the phases
E) They can take the shape of the container in which they are stored

Question 46

A(n) _____ solid is a solid that has a regular, repeating three-dimensional structure.

A) amorphous
B) molecular
C) ionic
D) covalent network
E) crystalline

Question 47

By referring to the plots of vapor pressure versus temperature provided in the text, identify the likely boiling point of water at 600 torr vapor pressure.

A) 92°C
B) 98°C
C) 56°C
D) 69°C
E) 78°C

Question 48

Which of the following is considered the reverse process of vaporization?

A) osmosis
B) solidification
C) melting
D) sublimation
E) condensation

Question 49

The normal vapor pressure is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is _____ torr.

A) 460
B) 500
C) 600
D) 760
E) 800

Question 50

When a liquid is introduced to a small-diameter tube of another substance, the liquid moves up or down in the tube, as if ignoring gravity. Which of the following terms specifically refers to this action?

A) adhesion
B) capillary action
C) surface tension
D) cohesion
E) viscosity

Question 51

_____ is responsible for the fact that small insects can "walk" on water.

A) Vapor pressure
B) Surface tension
C) Change in enthalpy
D) Density
E) Viscosity

Question 52

What is the energy change when 72 g of H₂O (g) condense to a liquid at 373 K? (ΔH_vap of water = 40.68 kJ/mol; molar mass of H₂O = 18 g/mol)

A) 81 kJ
B) 41 kJ
C) 160 kJ
D) 210 kJ
E) 240 kJ

Question 53

Identify the term that refers to the gas-to-solid change of compounds.

A) Deposition
B) Normalization
C) Solidification
D) Sublimation
E) Boiling

Question 54

The ΔH_vap for water is 40.68 kJ/mol and the ΔH_fus is 6.010 kJ/mol. Calculate the ΔH_sub.

A) 34.67 kJ/mol
B) 46.69 kJ/mol
C) 244.5 kJ/mol
D) 69.34 kJ/mol
E) 93.38 kJ/mol

Question 55

The formation of a gas from a liquid at temperatures below the boiling point is called _____.

A) sublimation
B) deposition
C) evaporation
D) melting
E) under-boiling

Question 56

_____ is the tendency of a substance to interact with itself.

A) Surface tension
B) Adhesion
C) Osmosis
D) Cohesion
E) Viscosity

Question 57

Liquids form spheres in free fall or zero gravity. Which of the following is the reason for this behavior?

A) liquid vapor pressure
B) surface tension
C) viscosity
D) low density
E) entropy

Question 58

The energy change occurring is 2.10 kJ when_____ of H₂O (g) condenses to a liquid at 100°C. (ΔH_vap of water = 40.68 kJ/mol; molar mass of H₂O = 18 g/mol).

A) 12.6 g
B) 8.56 g
C) 1.63 g
D) 17.6 g
E) 0.929 g

Question 59

What is the energy change when 565 g of C₂H₅OH boil at its normal boiling point of 78.3°C? (ΔH_vap for ethanol = 38.6 kJ/mol; molar mass of C₂H₅OH = 46.0 g/mol)

A) 396 kJ
B) 302 kJ
C) 119 kJ
D) 474 kJ
E) 124 kJ

Question 60

A(n) _____ solid is a solid with no long-term structure or repetition.

A) amorphous
B) crystalline
C) molecular
D) ionic
E) covalent network

Question 61

Which of the following is an ionic solid?

A) NaBr
B) I₂
C) C₆H₆
D) S₅
E) C₆Cl₆

Question 62

Does hydrogen bonding exist in both H₂S and NH₃? Explain your answer.

Question 63

Which of the following elements will form a metallic solid in its solid state?

A) O
B) S
C) Se
D) Cu
E) C

Question 64

A shiny and silvery solid substance stored in the form of a sheet is a(n) _____ solid.

A) amorphous
B) ionic
C) metallic
D) crystalline
E) covalent network

Question 65

What is surface tension? List some of its effects on liquids.

Question 66

Explain how boiling point changes with changes in pressure.

Question 67

What are sublimation and deposition? What is enthalpy of sublimation?

Question 68

What are dipole-dipole interactions?

Question 69

What kind of crystal would CH₄ form in its solid state?

A) ionic
B) molecular
C) amorphous
D) crystalline
E) covalent network

Question 70

Which of the following types of bonding is commonly seen in molecular solids?

A) hydrogen bond
B) ionic bond
C) ion-dipole bond
D) covalent bond
E) dipole interaction

Question 71

Explain the process of evaporation.

Question 72

What are adhesion and cohesion? What are their impacts?

Question 73

Explain the terms melting, solidification, and melting point.

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of an amorphous solid?

A) metals
B) biological molecules
C) glasses
D) salt crystals
E) semiconductors

Question 75

What is enthalpy of fusion? Provide an example.

Question 76

An NaCl crystal is an example of a(n) _____ solid

A) crystalline
B) ionic
C) molecular
D) amorphous
E) covalent network

Question 77

Explain the concept of capillary action.

Question 78

Which of the following is a molecular solid?

A) CuCl
B) AuCl
C) NaCl
D) CuCl₂
E) CCl₄

Question 79

Why does a substance have the phase it does? How does the temperature affect the existence in various phases?

Question 80

What is dispersion force? Explain.