Question 1

A 92-year-old woman is examined by a neurologist after her grandson noticed she "didn't make sense" when she spoke. A neurological exam revealed she was alert and able to speak but when asked questions she continuously repeated: "I put dinner in the television, peaches are pretty flowers." This patient is most likely suffering from which of the following?

A) Broca's aphasia
B) Wernicke's aphasia
C) Fluent aphasia
D) Aphonia
E) Nonfluent aphasia

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Accepted Answer

The angular, supramarginal, and superior temporal gyri are all involved in language comprehension. Damage to these areas can lead to Wernicke's aphasia, which is characterized by difficulty understanding speech and producing meaningful language.

Question 2

A 54-year-old man is examined by a neurologist after suffering a stroke. Neurological examination reveals that he has difficulty initiating speech and becomes very frustrated. When he is able to speak it is irregular and disjointed. Which of the following most correctly designates the language deficits experienced by this patient?

A) Aphonia
B) Areflexia
C) Nonfluent aphasia
D) Agraphia
E) Fluent aphasia

C

Accepted Answer

The patient's symptoms of difficulty initiating speech and producing irregular and disjointed speech when able to speak are characteristic of nonfluent aphasia, often associated with damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe.

Question 3

A posterior watershed infarct in one hemisphere would most likely produce which of the following?&#10;A) Contralateral hemiparesis of the lower extremity&#10;B) Paralysis of all eye movements&#10;C) Complete vision loss&#10;D) Ipsilateral hemiparesis of the upper and lower extremities&#10;E) Partial vision loss and language deficits

Accepted Answer

A posterior watershed infarct affects areas between the posterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery territories, potentially leading to partial vision loss due to occipital lobe involvement and language deficits if the dominant hemisphere is affected.

Question 4

A 54-year-old man is examined by the neurologist after suffering a stroke. Neurological examination reveals that he has difficulty initiating speech and becomes very frustrated. When he is able to speak it is irregular and disjointed. A computed tomographic scan of this patient indicates a hemorrhagic lesion in the cerebral cortex. Which of the following represents the most likely location of this lesion?

A) Inferior frontal gyrus
B) Parietal lobe
C) Transverse temporal gyrus
D) Cingulate gyrus
E) Supracallosal gyrus

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are characteristic of Broca's aphasia, which is associated with damage to the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere.

Question 5

A 92-year-old woman is examined by a neurologist after her grandson noticed she "didn't make sense" when she spoke. A neurological exam revealed she was alert and able to speak but when asked questions she continuously repeated: "I put dinner in the television, peaches are pretty flowers." This patient is most likely suffering from which of the following?

A) Broca's aphasia
B) Wernicke's aphasia
C) Fluent aphasia
D) Aphonia
E) Nonfluent aphasia

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech and difficulty understanding language, which matches the description of the patient's symptoms.

Question 6

A patient in a mental institution in 1950 underwent a prefrontal lobotomy. This procedure involved breaking through the roof of the orbit bilaterally and making horizontal sections through the base of the frontal lobes. In addition to changes in behavior, this patient most likely had which of the following?

A) Loss of pain and temperature sensations in most of the body
B) Loss of papillary reflexes
C) Loss of smell
D) Inability to recognize a person's face
E) Uncoordinated swallowing

Accepted Answer

Loss of smell is a likely outcome of a prefrontal lobotomy because the procedure involves severing connections in the frontal lobes, which can affect the olfactory bulbs located at the base of the brain, responsible for the sense of smell.

Question 7

Axons from the neurons in the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei terminate mainly in&#10;A) Layer III of the cerebral cortex&#10;B) Layer IV of the cerebral cortex&#10;C) Layer V of the cerebral cortex&#10;D) Widespread areas of the neocortex&#10;E) Layer I of the cerebral cortex

Accepted Answer

Axons from neurons in the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei primarily terminate in Layer IV of the cerebral cortex. The medial geniculate body is part of the auditory pathway, and the lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the visual pathway. Layer IV is known for receiving thalamocortical inputs, which is consistent with the role of these geniculate nuclei in sensory processing.

Question 8

A hemorrhage of which of the following arteries is most likely to result in the deficits experienced by this patient?&#10;A) Branches of the posterior cerebral artery&#10;B) Branches of the middle meningeal artery&#10;C) Branches of the basilar artery&#10;D) Branches of the middle cerebral artery&#10;E) Branches of the anterior cerebral artery

Accepted Answer

The middle cerebral artery is responsible for supplying blood to the areas of the brain that control motor function, sensory data, and speech. A hemorrhage in this artery can lead to deficits in these functions, which aligns with the symptoms described for the patient.

Deck 5: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid