Deck 8: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

The children of parents who are cold and domineering are more likely to develop internal standards of conduct, a moral sense, or conscience.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Authoritarian parents are highly restrictive.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Criminal and antisocial behaviour may be caused by genetic factors.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

First-born children tend to be more aggressive than later-born children.

Question 5

In symbolic play children create settings, characters, and scripts.

Question 6

Peers, parents, television, and other media influence the gender behaviour of males and females.

Question 7

According to gender schema theory, as soon as children understand the labels "girl" and "boy," they seek information concerning gender-typed traits and try to live up to them.

Question 8

Permissive parents value obedience for its own sake.

Question 9

Sex differences during infancy are consistently large.

Question 10

Evolutionary theory states that gender differences are a result of learning processes.

Question 11

Watching aggressive media causes aggressive behaviour in children.

Question 12

Children learn to label the sexes as either "boy" or "girl" by age 2 to 2¹/₂.

Question 13

Hormones affect males and females differently beginning in late childhood.

Question 14

First-born children tend to be more rebellious than later-born children.

Question 15

Girls show more empathy than boys.

Question 16

Preschool children begin to make evaluative judgments about their cognitive and physical competence and their social acceptance of themselves by the age of 4.

Question 17

Saying you are honest is an example of the categorical self.

Question 18

Permissive parenting leads to children with little moral sense.

Question 19

Development of prosocial behaviour is linked to the development of empathy and perspective taking.

Question 20

The children of neglectful parents are the least competent, least responsible, and least mature children.

Question 21

Parental beliefs and genetic factors affect parental warmth.

Question 22

In most cultures, older brothers are expected to care for their younger siblings.

Question 23

Sex hormones and other chemical substances stoke the prenatal differentiation of sex organs.

Question 24

Children with better developed perspective-taking ability also show more prosocial behaviour and less aggressive behaviour among their peers.

Question 25

Media violence and aggressive video games increase viewers' level of arousal.

Question 26

Birth order is unrelated to school performance and personality characteristics.

Question 27

Conflict between siblings can enhance social competence.

Question 28

Children with high self-esteem are more likely to have parents who are attentive to their needs.

Question 29

Primary school children usually live in the same neighbourhood as their friends.

Question 30

Social cognitive explanations of aggression focus on environmental factors such as reinforcement and observational learning.

Question 31

Riding a tricycle is an example of functional play.

Question 32

Authoritarian parents are highly restrictive, but also respect their children and are warm toward them.

Question 33

Parenting that is "restrictive," involving physical punishment, interference, or intrusiveness, can give rise to disobedience, rebelliousness, and lower levels of cognitive development.

Question 34

Younger children are more likely to have realistic fears than older children.

Question 35

Anger and aggression in preschoolers usually causes other preschoolers to reject them.

Question 36

Reasoning with a child is a power-assertive parenting technique.

Question 37

Spanking a child is an example of a power-assertive technique.

Question 38

Parents who are strict and demand mature behaviour will have rebellious children.

Question 39

Preschoolers more readily comply when asked to do something than when asked to stop doing something.

Question 40

Parents of prosocial children are least likely to use power-assertive techniques.

Question 41

Children rarely learn to be aggressive from watching others.

Question 42

Parenting that uses withdrawal of love to enforce restrictions may foster compliance but also instill guilt and anxiety.

Question 43

A Canadian organization called The Canadian Toy Association publishes a "hot toy list" each year.

Question 44

The best way to get children to act prosocially is to reward them for doing so.

Question 45

Rejecting-neglecting parents are low in their demands for mature behaviour and in their attempts to control their children and low in support and responsiveness.

Question 46

Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development has been supported by research.

Question 47

Warm parents are less likely than cold parents to use physical discipline.

Question 48

Research has shown the sons of authoritarian parents to be relatively hostile and defiant and the daughters to be low in independence and dominance.

Question 49

Gender expression refers to acting in accordance with one's biological gender.

Question 50

Aggression during childhood is rarely associated with aggression during adulthood.

Question 51

Children who watch more violence on television tend to accept it less in real life.

Question 52

The two broad dimensions of child rearing are easy and difficult.

Question 53

Children have a decline in the number of fears they experience after age 4.

Question 54

Erikson referred to the stage of early childhood as initiative versus guilt.

Question 55

According to Piaget, drawing a picture is an example of constructive play.

Question 56

Gender constancy is the knowledge that one is male or female.

Question 57

The best child outcomes are associated with authoritative parenting.

Question 58

When a new sibling is born, older siblings may experience regression and also higher levels of independence.

Question 59

Gender stereotypes are usually true.

Question 60

By age 2, children show preferences for a few particular playmates.

Question 61

What is the role of dramatic play?

A) It contributes to social development.
B) It is an outlet for uncontrolled impulses.
C) It contributes to cognitive development, but no other type of development.
D) It is a sign that a child needs more social interactions with peers.

Question 62

Preschool children tend to view friends in terms of the toys and activities they share.

Question 63

Which statement best describes the relationship that many aggressive children have with their peers?

A) Children with aggressive friends tend to be more altruistic.
B) Good friends are most likely to challenge the aggressive behaviour of peers.
C) Aggressors who are rewarded by peers for acting aggressively will continue the behaviours.
D) Children with aggressive peers are better able to predict the intentions of others.

Question 64

Which statement best reflects the concept of habituation?

A) Viewing violence increases arousal.
B) Punishment inhibits aggressive behaviour.
C) Viewing violence primes aggressive behaviour.
D) The more exposed we are to a stimulus, the less sensitive we become to it.

Question 65

When are parents most likely to use power-assertive techniques?

A) when children are being aggressive
B) when children are unsure how to act appropriately
C) when children don't understand what rule they have violated
D) when children are not sharing with peers

Question 66

A boy engages in behaviour he believes is most appropriate for males. Which concept best explains this behaviour?

A) gender typing
B) gender-neutrality
C) gender constancy
D) gender-schema

Question 67

According to Piaget, in which stage of play do children create settings, characters, and scripts?

A) formal games
B) symbolic play
C) functional play
D) constructive play

Question 68

Which statement best describes children who are of preschool age?

A) They have no self-concept.
B) They tend to have poor self-esteem.
C) They focus on their social competence.
D) They can identify their categorical characteristics.

Question 69

Which statement best describes the role that sibling conflict plays in child development?

A) It impacts academic achievement.
B) It reinforces aggressive responses.
C) It diminishes confidence.
D) It can enhance self-identity and social competence.

Question 70

Inductive parenting methods aim to teach knowledge that will enable children to generate desirable behaviour on their own.

Question 71

What is the ideal type of "restrictiveness" to be used in healthy parent-child relationships?

A) limitations around friend choices and activities
B) physical punishment where needed
C) constant monitoring
D) consistency and firmness where rules are concerned

Question 72

Which behaviour distinguishes warm parents?

A) They are less likely to use physical punishment.
B) They are less likely to hug or kiss their children.
C) They are less affectionate overall than other parents.
D) They are more likely to blame the child for his or her actions.

Question 73

What theory perceives aggression as a result of reinforcement and observational learning?

A) evolutionary theory
B) social cognitive theory
C) Freudian psychoanalytic theory
D) Piagetian cognitive-developmental theory

Question 74

What is the best explanation for why boys and girls might show gender-stereotyped preferences for toys and activities?

A) The source is biological; a child's DNA directs toy and activity preferences.
B) Their parents may encourage preferences through their toy purchases and their actions.
C) They watch television shows that portray gender-neutral models.
D) Their parents use an authoritarian approach to play.

Question 75

Which of the following is an example of an inductive technique?

A) punishing a child for doing something wrong
B) telling a child that what she is doing is wrong
C) withdrawing love if the child does not do what is right
D) explaining to a child why she should not do something

Question 76

Infants only cry in response to the crying of others because they feel bad about the others' distress.

Question 77

According to genetics-based theories of aggression, genes may contribute to aggression through which sex hormones?

A) the male sex hormone testosterone
B) the male sex hormone progesterone
C) the female sex hormone estrogen
D) both the male sex hormones of testosterone and progesterone

Question 78

Why might later-born children be more popular with their peers?

A) They learn social skills by dealing with their older siblings.
B) Their peers feel sorry for them.
C) Their parents force them to interact with other children.
D) They are ignored by their own siblings and require outside relationships.

Question 79

What does Kohlberg's gender constancy concept refer to?

A) the notion that most individuals develop a clear sense of identity before adolescence
B) the order of development put forward by Kohlberg
C) the timing of development put forward by Kohlberg
D) the recognition that gender does not change even if one changes clothing or behaviour

Question 80

Which parenting method provides children with knowledge that enables them to generate desirable behaviour patterns?

A) the power method
B) the inductive method
C) the deductive method
D) the love withdrawal method