Deck 5: Infancy: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Language development can be explained entirely as a result of imitation and shaping.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Learning theorists believe that language is acquired as a result of inborn or prewired factors.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

A 2007 study of children aged 8 to 16 months concluded that infants exposed to baby DVDs scored lower on language development than children with no screen time.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Calling all four-legged animals doggies is an example of an overextension.

Question 5

The Bayley Scales may identify sensory or neurological problems.

Question 6

Imitation after a time delay occurs as early as 6 months of age.

Question 7

A primary circular reaction involves repeating a behaviour that affects the environment.

Question 8

Visual recognition memory during infancy is related to later IQ scores.

Question 9

"Motherese" has been shown to slow language development.

Question 10

According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, the first stage of cognitive development is the formal operational stage.

Question 11

Babbling is the first communicative sound an infant makes.

Question 12

Research findings discussed in the text demonstrate that infants are unable to remember events that occurred to them from day to day.

Question 13

Skinner's perspective is that decreasing reinforcement leads to a faster growth in vocabulary.

Question 14

Infants are unable to imitate others' behaviours until 6 months of age.

Question 15

According to Piaget, during the fourth substage of sensory motor development, infants coordinate schemas to attain specific goals.

Question 16

Children only speak words and phrases they have heard before.

Question 17

Imitation is the basis for much of human learning.

Question 18

Children who are bilingual experience cognitive benefits including enhanced attention control.

Question 19

Piaget theorized that children follow an orderly sequence of stages through cognitive development.

Question 20

Learning theory explains language development primarily as a result of nature.

Question 21

Object permanence is recognition that an object exists when out of sight.

Question 22

Piaget hypothesized that cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence of stages.

Question 23

Reading to a child can help foster his or her language development.

Question 24

The nativist view of language development holds that inborn factors cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

Question 25

Parents can influence babbling through simple acts of reinforcement such as smiling.

Question 26

There is no evidence of a sensitive period for language development.

Question 27

Selective reinforcement of children's pronunciation may lead to slower language development.

Question 28

By approximately 6 months of age, infants tend to look for objects that are dropped.

Question 29

Approximately 30% of Canadians report that they speak two languages at home.

Question 30

Newborns' ability to imitate others may have a survival function.

Question 31

The sensitive period for language development takes place between 18 and 24 months.

Question 32

The case study of Genie supports the idea that the tendency to acquire language is easily learned at any time in life.

Question 33

Language learning is most efficient during the sensitive period that lasts until puberty.

Question 34

According to the nativist perspective, children have an inborn tendency to language learning in the form of neurological "prewiring."

Question 35

Research on deferred imitation supports Piaget's view of cognitive development.

Question 36

Children who use language to label objects are said to have a referential style of language.

Question 37

Most children can use 500 words by 18 months of age.

Question 38

During the first year of life, infants' reflexes are stereotypical and inflexible.

Question 39

The situation with Genie, who was locked away for much of her first 13 years of life, supports the nurture view of language development.

Question 40

Children usually utter their first word at around 12 months of age.

Question 41

Cooing is the same thing as crying.

Question 42

Genie, the girl who was locked away for much of her first 13 years of life, was unable to learn language as well as those who had normal language development.

Question 43

Research on infant memory has shown that newborns adjust their rate of sucking to hear a recording of their mother reading a story she had read aloud during the last weeks of pregnancy,

Question 44

During the sensorimotor period, infants progress from responding to events with reflexes, or ready-made schemas, to goal-oriented behaviour.

Question 45

Tertiary circular reactions occur when infants engage in purposeful adaptations of established schemas to specific situations.

Question 46

While observing infants, you witness a tertiary circular reaction. What stage of cognitive development have you observed?

A) the sensorimotor stage
B) the preoperational stage
C) the concrete operational stage
D) the formal operational stage

Question 47

At what age do most infants begin cooing?

A) at birth
B) at age 1 week
C) at age 2 months
D) at age 4 months

Question 48

What conclusions have been reached about the benefits of infant learning DVDs such as Baby Einstein?

A) The older the child when first exposed to such videos, the more positive the impact.
B) Infants develop habituation to such videos and they quickly lose their effectiveness.
C) They have been demonstrated to increase intelligence scores in later life by at least 18 points.
D) They may actually inhibit verbal ability and bonding with caregivers.

Question 49

A child's Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) decreases as the child develops.

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of a specific nominal?

A) boy
B) fire truck
C) brown dog
D) Mr. Rogers

Question 51

Which vocalization is the first that resembles human speech?

A) crying
B) cooing
C) babbling
D) making no sound, which shows awareness that all is well

Question 52

Receptive language tends to outpace expressive language.

Question 53

As Michael plays in his crib, his parents overhear him making repetitive sounds such as "babababa" and "dadadada." What term describes this repeating of syllables?

A) cooing
B) echolalia
C) babbling
D) intonation

Question 54

What distinguishes primary circular reactions from secondary circular reactions?

A) They are the same; one engages in a more complex behaviour.
B) Primary reactions involve more important behaviours than secondary reactions.
C) Primary reactions involve only reflexes, whereas secondary reactions involve thoughts.
D) Primary reactions focus on the body, whereas secondary reactions focus on the environment.

Question 55

Janet tells her husband that their infant son, Josh, is exhibiting echolalia. What behaviour is she referring to?

A) Josh understands more words than he can say.
B) Josh is speaking words that he does not understand.
C) Josh is repeating syllables.
D) Josh is using his tongue's circular rotation to speak.

Question 56

Critics of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory suggest that development tends to be more gradual and continuous than he suggested.

Question 57

When children accommodate, they create new schemas for the world.

Question 58

Memory improves dramatically between 1 and 2 months of age and then again by 36 months.

Question 59

Jenna can tell the difference between a toy she has seen before and a new toy. What term refers to this ability?

A) habituation
B) sensory memory
C) recognition memory
D) classical conditioning

Question 60

What is the most advanced substage in Piaget's sensorimotor period?

A) the primary circular reaction substage
B) the secondary circular reaction substage
C) the invention of new means through mental combinations substage
D) the coordination of secondary schemas substage

Question 61

Pamela is trying to place her rectangular block in the rectangular opening of her "know your shape" toy, but it is too wide to fit. She studies the block for some time and then grabs it, rotates it sideways, and the block successful falls in the opening. What substage of sensorimotor development was Pamela demonstrating?

A) the primary circular reaction substage
B) the secondary circular reactions substage
C) the coordination of secondary schemas substage
D) the invention of new means through mental combinations substage

Question 62

Theo is 10 months old. His parents overhear him talking to himself in his crib. His language resembles adult speech in sound, with words rising and falling. What term best describes Theo's vocalizations?

A) echolalia
B) intonation
C) turn-taking
D) vocabulary development

Question 63

Sarah knows that kittens are animals. Her mother tells her that puppies are also animals. Sarah then changes her schema of animals to include puppies. What is Sarah using when she changes her schema to incorporate this new information?

A) assimilation
B) reaction range
C) augmentation
D) accommodation

Question 64

A child learns to call a dog "bow-wow" and now calls all animals he sees "bow-wow." What is this child's behaviour an example of?

A) morpheme
B) overextension
C) egocentric speech
D) telegraphic speech

Question 65

What is the relationship between achievements on sensorimotor tests and other test achievements?

A) Achievements on sensorimotor tests are strongly related to subsequent IQ scores.
B) Achievements on sensorimotor tests are strongly related to childhood success in school.
C) Achievements on sensorimotor tests do not reliably predict later school performance.
D) Achievements on sensorimotor tests are strongly related to verbal and symbolic scores obtained in later childhood.

Question 66

What is the relationship between MLU and chronological age?

A) Chronological age and MLU are unrelated.
B) As chronological age increases, MLU tends to increase.
C) MLU tends to decrease initially because other developmental challenges also occur when chronological age increases.
D) Chronological age increases across time, whereas MLU remains the same across time.

Question 67

What is the definition of the referential language style?

A) using personal pronouns to refer to the self
B) using language to label objects in the environment
C) using language as a means for engaging in social interaction
D) using words that make no particular reference, but allow practice with the vocal cords

Question 68

What substage of sensorimotor development serves as a transition to the symbolic thought of the next stage?

A) the tertiary circular reaction substage
B) the secondary circular reaction substage
C) the coordination of secondary schemas substage
D) the invention of new means through mental combinations substage

Question 69

Jennifer is eager to know when her son will start babbling. What is her pediatrician most likely to tell her?

A) It occurs before cooing.
B) It occurs after the ability to use intonation.
C) It appears between 6 and 9 months of age.
D) It is strongly related to words the child is trying to say.

Question 70

Piaget closely observed the activities of children and noted that they tend to experiment with the environment. Because of this behaviour, what did Piaget consider children to be?

A) scientists
B) copiers
C) comedians
D) students

Question 71

What is the definition of a specific nominal?

A) a proper noun
B) a personal pronoun
C) a class of objects
D) a word longer than two syllables

Question 72

Jennifer is curious about her son's cries and coos. What is her pediatrician most likely to tell her?

A) They are based entirely on know-how.
B) They are innate, but modified by experience.
C) They are based entirely on genetic encoding.
D) They are accidental noises that are soon replaced by meaningful sounds.

Question 73

What is the definition of the mean length of utterance?

A) the average number of morphemes a child uses in a sentence
B) the total number of sounds a child makes when trying to express herself
C) the average number of letters in the child's usual utterances
D) the complex arrangement of single words used to express complex thoughts

Question 74

Lacey is 7 months old. She shakes a rattle so it will make a noise she likes. What is Lacey's action an example of?

A) a simple reflex
B) a primary circular reaction
C) a secondary circular reaction
D) a tertiary circular reaction

Question 75

Newborns at only 0.7 to 71 hours old have been found to imitate adults when the adults have done which of the following?

A) open their mouths or stick out their tongues
B) repeatedly open and close their eyes
C) repeatedly open and "fist up" their hands in front of the newborns
D) purse their lips

Question 76

Habituation is exemplified when an infant does which of the following?

A) pays attention to a new toy
B) repeats a phrase
C) learns to speak
D) loses interest in a game of peekaboo

Question 77

A child refers to the "meese" that he saw in the zoo. His mother knows her child saw a moose at the zoo, based on the fact that he knows "geese" refers to more than one goose. What is this child's error an example of?

A) a syntax error
B) an overextension
C) an Morpheme style
D) a referential language style

Question 78

Olivia has learned to call a toy truck "tru." Now whenever she sees any toy with wheels, she calls it "tru." What is Olivia's response an example of?

A) overextension
B) underextension
C) expressive language style
D) referential language style

Question 79

Which perspective suggests that parents serve as models for the language development of their children?

A) the maturational perspective
B) the social cognitive perspective
C) the Skinnerian learning theory perspective
D) the Piagetian cognitive-developmental perspective

Question 80

Which scale is included in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A) a reflex rating scale
B) a language rating scale
C) a behaviour rating scale
D) a maternal behaviour with the child scale