Deck 10: Conditioned Reinforcement

Question 1

______ involves two or more simple schedules, presented sequentially and signaled by an arbitrary stimulus.

A) Chain schedule of reinforcement
B) Tandem schedule of reinforcement
C) Backward chain schedule of reinforcement
D) Multiple chain schedule of reinforcement

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The research on token reinforcement and chimpanzees shows that:

A) Tokens can bridge the interval between earning and spending
B) Token reinforcement can maintain and train performance on discrimination tasks
C) Token and food reinforcement are similar in maintaining behavior
D) All of these

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A ____ is the same as a multiple schedule but without discriminative stimuli.

A) Mixed schedule of reinforcement
B) Tandem schedule of reinforcement
C) Second-order schedule
D) Backward chain schedule

Answer 3

A

Question 4

If you train a rat to receive a food pellet every time you play a particular song, the food pellet is ______ and the tune is ______.

A) An unconditioned reinforcer; a conditioned reinforcer
B) A conditioned reinforcer; an unconditioned reinforcer
C) Respondent reinforcement; operant reinforcement
D) Operant reinforcement; respondent reinforcement

Question 5

In a _______, unconditioned reinforcement is programmed after completing two or more schedules, presented sequentially without discriminative stimuli.

A) Chain schedule of reinforcement
B) Tandem schedule of reinforcement
C) Backward chain schedule of reinforcement
D) Multiple chain schedule of reinforcement

Question 6

The effectiveness of a _____ depends on the frequency of unconditioned reinforcement correlated with it.

A) Conditioned reinforcer
B) Punisher
C) Heterogeneous chain
D) Tandem schedule

Question 7

The behavior analysis of booking a flight on Delta or American airlines illustrates:

A) How behavior is distributed on concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement
B) The role of delay reduction in choice situations
C) How behavior is distributed on concurrent schedules of reinforcement
D) Both how behavior is distributed on concurrent-chains schedules of reinforcement and the role of delay reduction in choice situations

Question 8

In terms of good news and bad news, research suggests that:

A) Stimuli correlated with positive or negative reinforcement maintain an observing response
B) Stimuli correlated with positive reinforcement and extinction maintain an observing response
C) Stimuli correlated with punishment and extinction maintain an observing response
D) Stimuli correlated with negative reinforcement and punishment maintain an observing response

Question 9

A golf instructor who teaches golf by beginning with a short putt, then a chip shot, and finally a tee shot to begin the hole, is using:

A) A tandem schedule
B) Backward chaining
C) A homogenous chain
D) A multiple chain schedule

Question 10

According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer:

A) Is not very useful because it relies on the momentary deprivation/satiation of the organism
B) Is produced by pairing a conditioned reinforcer with more than one unconditioned reinforcer
C) Is produced by backward chaining of the unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
D) Is extremely useful because it can be carried around and made contingent on behavior

Question 11

A ____ involves two (or more) schedules of reinforcement in which completion of the requirements of one schedule is reinforced according to the requirements of the other schedule.

A) Tandem schedule
B) Backward chain schedule
C) Second-order schedule
D) Concurrent schedule

Question 12

A chain schedule that requires a bird to first peck an illuminated key and then pull a rope in order to receive reinforcement would be called a ____________ chain.

A) Disparate
B) Heterogeneous
C) Concurrent
D) Homogenous

Question 13

Victims sometimes become emotionally attached to people who mistreat them. How could this happen?

A) A misplaced sexual drive that is directed at the abuser
B) Negative reinforcement of affectionate behavior of the victim
C) Punishment of affectionate behavior of the victim
D) Longing for a real emotional attachment to the parents

Question 14

Attention from other people is usually reinforcing for children because:

A) Attention has preceded a variety of reinforcement from people
B) Attention is around children all the time so they get used to it
C) Attention is needed for children to develop into emotionally healthy people
D) Attention is a fundamental necessity of life that children thrive on

Question 15

In the laboratory, when a clicking sounds is followed by food, the clicking sound:

A) Can become an enduring reinforcing stimulus
B) Takes on a conditioned reinforcement function
C) Usually supports an operant that produces it
D) Is characterized by all of the above

Question 16

On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the S^D and the unconditioned reinforcement:

A) The less effective the S^D as a conditioned reinforcer
B) The less the value of the unconditioned reinforcer
C) The greater the stimulus control
D) The more the value of the unconditioned reinforcer

Question 17

Researchers have found evidence that _____ is critical for conditioned reinforcement but not unconditioned reinforcement in primates.

A) The frontal lobe
B) The cerebral cortex
C) The hypothalamus
D) The amygdala

Question 18

If a rat presses the same lever in each component of a chain of reinforcement then the chain is _____.

A) Uniform
B) Heterogeneous
C) Concurrent
D) Homogenous

Question 19

Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of:

A) Psychiatric patients
B) Juvenile delinquents
C) Normal children
D) All of these

Question 20

Backward chaining involves:

A) Teaching the initial component or link first
B) Teaching the final component or link first
C) Teaching the final component or link in random order
D) Teaching from the middle to the last component or link

Question 21

The number of tokens needed in order to "purchase" a reinforcer in a token economy is part of the:

A) Token-production schedule
B) Exchange-production schedule
C) Token-exchange schedule
D) Higher-order exchange sequence

Question 22

Which of the following is a generalized social reinforcer?

A) Praise
B) Affection
C) Submissiveness by others
D) All of the above

Question 23

The _____ asserts that stimuli closer in time to positive reinforcement, or further in time from an aversive event, are more effective conditioned reinforcers.

A) Delay-discounting hypothesis
B) Immediacy-reduction hypothesis
C) Delay-reduction hypothesis
D) Delay-enhancement hypothesis

Question 24

Research shows that people view their bank balances more at the beginning of the month than at the end of the month. This finding is consistent with the research conducted by:

A) Kellecher (1958)
B) Gollub (1958)
C) Lieberman and colleagues (1997)
D) Fantino and Silberberg (2010)

Question 25

The concurrent chains procedure allows researchers to examine:

A) Differences in choice behavior between ratio and interval schedules
B) The relative effectiveness of two conditioned reinforcers
C) The effect of delay on the value of a reinforcer
D) The amount of work that an organism is willing to do for a given outcome

Question 26

Which of the following is not a brain area that has been implicated in establishing the value of conditioned reinforcement?

A) Orbitofrontal cortex
B) Thalamus
C) Nucleus accumbens (NAc)
D) Basolateral amygdala

Question 27

Predict the percentage of times that you would expect a person to choose gas station A in the following: Gas station A is 5 minutes to the north and has an average wait time of 2 minutes for a pump while gas station B is 5 minutes to the south and has an average wait time of 4 minutes for a pump.

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 28

In Fantino's delay-reduction hypothesis, T stands for:

A) The average time in the initial link
B) The average time in the terminal link
C) The total average time between reinforcers
D) The decrease in time to reinforcement when the terminal link begins

Question 29

A rat that is trained on a tandem schedule with two FI 50-second schedules will likely show a cumulative record response pattern that looks like:

A) The flat line associated with a VI 50-second schedule
B) The scallop for an FI 25-second schedule
C) The scallop for an FI 50-second schedule
D) The scallop for an FI 100-second schedule

Question 30

Baxter and Murray's (2002) research with marmoset monkeys found that an intact __________ is required for sensitivity to contingencies of conditioned reinforcement.

A) Orbitofrontal cortex
B) Prefrontal cortex
C) Basolateral amygdala
D) Nucleus accumbens

Question 31

In which of the following situations would we expect the least number of responses to the observing stimulus?

A) Emitting the observing response produces a green light when reinforcement is available and a red light during extinction
B) Emitting the observing response produces a green light when reinforcement is available, but no change during extinction
C) Emitting the observing response produces a red light during extinction, but no change when reinforcement is available
D) All of the above present similar information and would produce roughly the same amount of observing behavior

Question 32

In clicker training:

A) The clicker is used to tell the organism to stop
B) The clicker is used to signal when to start a behavior
C) The clicker is a form of conditioned reinforcement
D) The clicker is used to signal upcoming punishment

Question 33

Which of the following is not one of the three distinct components of a token schedule?

A) token savings
B) token production
C) token exchange
D) exchange production

Question 34

Which of the following would reduce the effectiveness of a conditioned reinforcer?

A) Increase the number of pairings between the conditioned reinforcer and the unconditioned reinforcer
B) Change the presentation of the unconditioned reinforcer from a fixed to a variable schedule
C) Increase the delay between the presentation of the conditioned and the unconditioned reinforcer
D) Present an establishing operation related to the unconditioned reinforcer

Question 35

The S-S account of conditioned reinforcement states that:

A) Conditioned reinforcers gain their value through respondent conditioning
B) A discriminative stimulus acquires value as a conditioned reinforcer, without becoming a CS
C) The value of a conditioned reinforcer depends on the information it provides about the reinforcer
D) The value of a conditioned reinforcer is determined by how much of a decrease in delay to reinforcement it signals

Question 36

Research conducted by Fantino and Case (1983) on stimuli linked to feedback found that a stimulus correlated with _____ did not maintain human observing, but one linked to ____ did.

A) Good news; no news
B) No news; bad news
C) Reinforcement; punishment
D) Bad news; no news

Question 37

According to Skinner (1953), affection is best identified as:

A) Generalized social reinforcement
B) A primary reinforcer
C) A generalized reinforcer
D) A token reinforcer

Question 38

Token economies are most effective at maintaining behavior after the treatment program ends when they:

A) Include frequent token exchange periods
B) Include a variety of different reinforcers that can be "purchased" with tokens
C) Are slowly and systematically faded
D) Are focused on more than two or three target behaviors

Question 39

Schaefer and Martin (1966) demonstrated the effectiveness of ___________ in increasing the activity of psychiatric patients with schizophrenia.

A) Concurrent chains
B) Observing responses
C) Token reinforcement
D) Backward chaining

Question 40

Which of the following characteristics is responsible for money being labeled as a generalized reinforcer:

A) It is relatively independent of momentary deprivation
B) It is easily quantified
C) It is exchangeable for a variety of different goods/commodities
D) It is non-perishable and easy to store