Deck 6: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Question 1

As a theoretical perspective, social constructionism reminds us that:

A) what is considered normal in terms of masculinity and femininity varies across cultures and time periods
B) masculinity is defined similarly across all cultures; femininity is not
C) femininity is a cultural universal in terms of the behaviours and appearance expected of women
D) biology determines both masculinity and femininity across all time periods

Answer 1

A

Question 2

That many sports are still considered more appropriate for one sex than for the other is referred to as:

A) sport typing
B) sport desegregation
C) a sport binary
D) sport dualism

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Margaret Carlisle Duncan argued that the treatment of women athletes in the media is both:

A) derogatory and respectful
B) ambivalent and derogatory
C) seldom present and fleeting
D) decisive and respectful

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A news story of an Olympic snowboarder that focuses on her role as a mother and wife could be understood clearly to be doing all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Trivialize her skills and talents
B) Sexualize her body
C) Obscure her achievements
D) Positioning her within a heteronormative frame

Question 5

An unequal hierarchical social system in which men have ore power over women is called a:

A) Patriarchy
B) Mertiocracy
C) Oligarchy
D) Binary society

Question 6

Hegemonic masculinity:

A) has long been discredited as useful or necessary in Canadian sport in the 21st century
B) is functional and needed in Canadian professional sports
C) is the ideal that helps secure patriarchal power
D) perpetuates the marginalization of white men in Canadian sport

Question 7

Which of the following is true of the inaugural Modern Olympic Games in 1896?

A) Women were not allowed to enter the stadium, even as spectators
B) Women were allowed to participate on in 'gender-appropriate' sports like gymnastics and tennis
C) Women were not allowed to compete in any events
D) The idea of women participating as competitors was supported by Pierre de Coubertin, who was outnumbered by those that felt they should not be allowed

Question 8

Sport, law, education, popular music, media, and other social institutions tend to value heterosexuality more than other forms of sexual expression or identity. This is referred to as:

A) Homophobia
B) Heteronormativity
C) biological determinism
D) social constructionism

Question 9

Discipline, obedience and deference to authority were qualities that sport was expected to instil among which population in the mid-1800s?

A) Teenage girls
B) Upper-class boys
C) Schoolmasters
D) Lower-class boys

Question 10

Which of the following is best described as a product of a heteronormative culture?

A) Homophobia
B) biological determinism
C) hetero-distinction
D) constructionism

Question 11

Research suggests that media coverage tends to focus most on female athletes who fall within the parameters of dominant femininity, which means, NECESSARILY:

A) They are able-bodied and compete in the most high-profile sports, like hockey
B) They are white and middle-class, and compete in typically male-dominated sports like football and wrestling
C) They are women of colour and considered conventionally attractive, competing in feminine-appropriate sports like tennis
D) They are white, able-bodied, middle-class and considered conventionally attractive

Question 12

The term cisgender would most accurately describe:

A) A person whose gender identity lines up with the sex assigned to them at birth
B) A person who identifies as a gender different to the one assigned to them at birth
C) A person who was identified as neither male nor female at birth
D) A person whose gender identity does not line up with the sex they were assigned to at birth

Question 13

Sociologist R. W. Connell has argued that _____ has come to be the leading definer of masculinity in mass culture.

A) Media
B) Family
C) Education
D) Sport

Question 14

In studies of gender, _____ came to prominence as a critique of biological determinism.

A) structural-functionalism
B) symbolic interactionism
C) feminism
D) social constructionism

Question 15

The study by Cooky, Messner and Hextrum (2013) of ESPN SportsCenter and local LA sports coverage reveals that:

A) Coverage of women's sport has increased slightly over the last 20 years
B) Coverage of women's sport has decreased slightly over the last 20 years
C) Coverage of women's sport has stayed almost the same over the last 20 years
D) Coverage of women's sport has increased considerably over the last 20 years

Question 16

The argument that men produce more testosterone than women and therefore men play more contact sports is referred to by sociologists as:

A) social constructionism
B) biological determinism
C) structural-functionalism
D) symbolic interactionism

Question 17

Gender is best defined as:

A) dividing humans into groups based on their reproduction capacities
B) the feeling that a person has about being trapped in a body that is the wrong sex
C) what results behaviourally and naturally from being born a certain sex
D) the cultural expectations about behaviour, attitudes and appearance that are imposed on people

Question 18

Your friend Johnny confides in you that he is going to start living his life as a woman, even though he was born male. Johnny plans to take hormones, begin living his life as a woman, and, perhaps later, have surgery to change his genitalia. Johnny is best described as:

A) Cisgendered
B) Transgendered
C) a transsexual
D) genderless

Question 19

The classificatory scheme whereby we divide humans into groups based on their reproduction capacities is known as:

A) Gender
B) Sex
C) Sexuality
D) sexual orientation

Question 20

References to and discussions about Hayley Wickenheiser, arguably the best female hockey player in history, is often accompanied by some mention of her son and parenting responsibilities. What would a sociologist of sport argue this demonstrates?

A) That female athletes are being treated more and more equally by the media.
B) That male athletes are unfairly not discussed in terms of their parenting skills.
C) This imposes a heteronormative frame over narratives that might otherwise threaten conventional assumptions about sex and gender.
D) This frames a woman's life in the only terms that the public can understand while, simultaneously, creating for women an athletic persona.

Question 21

A study of interuniversity sport in Canada in 2012-13 illustrated that:

A) The number of male and female varsity teams was nearly equal
B) The proportion of university athletes, among the wider student population, that were women was equal to that of men
C) Women made up close to 40% of university coaches
D) The number of male varsity teams far outnumbered the number of women's varsity teams

Question 22

In 2016, Tim Howell received notoriety in Canadian sport, for doing what?

A) He outed himself as the first gay professional hockey player (for the Edmonton Oilers) in Canada, bringing forth nationwide praise for his courage
B) He resigned as a softball coach in Edmonton because of rules stating that trans players must provide medical proof of their ongoing gender transition
C) He became the first transgender male athlete to play on a professional women's hockey team
D) He was held responsible for the violent hazing rituals at McGill University, where teammates were sexually assaulted

Question 23

According to the Intersex Society of North America, the rate of sexual indeterminacy is estimated to be about one in:

A) 250
B) 700
C) 2000
D) 15,000

Question 24

In 2015, the IOC updated the Stockholm Consensus to allow the participation of transgender athletes if they meet specific criteria. To be allowed to compete, trans athletes must:

A) Have undergone gender-reassignment surgery
B) Have undergone gender-reassignment surgery ad has taken hormone therapy for at least 2 years
C) Have taken hormone therapy for at least 1 year and can show that their testosterone levels have remained below a certain point for at least 1 year prior to competition
D) Have undergone gender-reassignment surgery and can show that their testosterone levels have remained below a certain point for at least 1 year prior to competition

Question 25

In Canada, 39% of those registered in _____ are female - one of the highest female sport participation rates of any sport.

A) Hockey
B) Football
C) Baseball
D) soccer

Question 26

According to Statistics Canada's General Social Survey from 2010, participation rates between 2005 and 2010:

A) Showed declining participation among both men and women
B) Showed significant declining participation only among men
C) Showed significant declining participation only among women
D) Showed increasing participation among both men and women

Question 27

Caster Semenya is best known as:

A) The Jamaican sprinter who was banned for taking testosterone to enhance her performance
B) The woman responsible for whistle-blowing on athletes masquerading as men competing in women's athletic events
C) The South African middle-distance runner who was subjected to extensive sex testing after officials and other competitors accused her of not being a 'real' woman
D) The 200m sprinter from India who was disqualified from the Commonwealth Games for having 'too much' naturally occurring testosterone to compete against other women

Question 28

According to Statistics Canada's General Social Survey from 2010:

A) Men and women aged 15 or over participated in near equal numbers
B) Men aged 15 or over participated regularly at more than twice the rate of women aged 15 or over
C) Men aged 15 or over participated regularly at more than three times the rate of women aged 15 or over
D) Men aged 15 or over participated regularly at more than four times the rate of women aged 15 or over

Question 29

Intersectionality refers to:

A) A term that refers to people whose gender identity lines up with the sex assigned to them at birth
B) A social, political and cultural movement that has as a primary goal the resolution of inequalities related to sex and gender and the elimination of oppression and discrimination experienced by women and girls
C) The social and cultural privileging of heterosexuality over other forms of sexual identity or expression
D) A theoretical approach that tries to understand how different categories of identity and different structures of power, such as ableism, racism, sexism and class, are intertwined

Question 30

Which of the following do we know to be true regarding sex testing in sport?

A) Both male and female athletes are sex tested in major sports events
B) Chromosome tests are reliable measures of sex
C) Science supports that view that natural testosterone provides an athletic advantage
D) There is no exact standard by which one can determine exactly who is and who is not woman