Deck 7: Substance Use and Abuse

Question 1

Cocaine may have harmful effects on the cardiovascular system.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Nicotine is the active ingredient in tobacco smoke that has been linked to cancer.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Long-term alcoholics and problem drinkers who drink at lighter levels can both successfully use controlled drinking strategies.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Incorporating a person's physician into their intervention program for reducing substance abuse is likely to prevent the person from wanting to participate and reduce the effectiveness of the program.

Question 5

Match the techniques with their descriptions :
May involve satiation or imagined negative scenes.

A)aversion strategies
B)self monitoring
C)stimulus control
D)response substitution
E)behavioural contracting

Question 6

Match the following agents with their descriptions :
A chemical which blocks the effects of heroin.

A)emetine
B)morphine
C)barbiturate
D)marijuana
E)methadone

Question 7

Match the following agents with their descriptions :
Like Antabuse, may be used in the treatment of alcohol abuse.

A)emetine
B)morphine
C)barbiturate
D)marijuana
E)methadone

Question 8

Match the techniques with their descriptions :
May involve removing ashtrays or matches from the home of a smoker.

A)aversion strategies
B)self monitoring
C)stimulus control
D)response substitution
E)behavioural contracting

Question 9

Since government agencies in Canada began issuing reports in the 1960s that described the health effects of smoking, smoking has steadily decreased.

Question 10

Match the techniques with their descriptions :
Records are kept on the problem behaviour such as the times, places, and circumstances of each occurrence.

A)aversion strategies
B)self monitoring
C)stimulus control
D)response substitution
E)behavioural contracting

Question 11

Lifetime prevalence rates indicate that approximately 19% of all Canadian drinkers abuse alcohol.

Question 12

Match the techniques with their descriptions :
Involves replacing a problem behaviour with a behaviour incompatible with the problem.

A)aversion strategies
B)self monitoring
C)stimulus control
D)response substitution
E)behavioural contracting

Question 13

Match the following agents with their descriptions :
Depressant which decreases arousal and increase relaxation.

A)emetine
B)morphine
C)barbiturate
D)marijuana
E)methadone

Question 14

Stanley Schachter (1982) interviewed ex smokers and found that over 60% who tried to quit were unsuccessful.

Question 15

Match the following agents with their descriptions :
A narcotic or pain reducing substance.

A)emetine
B)morphine
C)barbiturate
D)marijuana
E)methadone

Question 16

The treatment strategies in Alcoholics Anonymous have been found to be more effective than other treatment interventions delivered by professional therapists.

Question 17

Match the following agents with their descriptions :
A hallucinogen which causes perceptual distortions.

A)emetine
B)morphine
C)barbiturate
D)marijuana
E)methadone

Question 18

The nicotine regulation model falls short of explaining why people still crave cigarettes months and even years after they quit smoking.

Question 19

Users who go on to become addicted to a substance usually become psychologically dependent on it first.

Question 20

Match the techniques with their descriptions :
Specifies what rewards and punishers are applied in controlling a behaviour.

A)aversion strategies
B)self monitoring
C)stimulus control
D)response substitution
E)behavioural contracting

Question 21

Research on stress and smoking has led to each of the following conclusions except

A) smoking is commonly identified as a way to reduce stress.
B) adult smoking increases with stress.
C) smoking is a good long-term tension reducer.
D) smokers report less anxiety if allowed to smoke.

Question 22

Which of the following statements about smoking prevalence is true

A) Indigenous youth in their mid-teens are more likely to smoke than youth of the same age in the general population.
B) On-reserve First Nations and Inuit people are less likely to smoke than persons from the general population.
C) Smoking rates increase with education.
D) Smoking rates are highest in high income individuals because they can afford to buy cigarettes.

Question 23

Katie drinks to reduce the stress she feels at the end of a long day whereas John drinks simply because he "likes the taste of a good beer." Katie's drinking is maintained by _____ reinforcement whereas John's is maintained by _____ reinforcement.

A) positive; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) negative; negative

Question 24

Steve shows a persistent pattern of drinking too much and often drives drunk. He meets the criteria for the diagnosis of

A) physical dependence.
B) substance abuse.
C) withdrawal.
D) tolerance.

Question 25

Which of the following statements reflects the biological influences on smoking

A) No relationship between heredity and smoking has been discovered.
B) Heredity influences the ease with which a person becomes dependent on tobacco.
C) Heredity may influence the strength of physical dependence on tobacco.
D) both b and c.

Question 26

Steve grew up seeing his parents and their friends having fun at annual Super Bowl parties at which large amounts of alcohol were consumed. According to expectancy theory, Steve is likely to develop ____ attitudes toward alcohol via ____.

A) negative; social learning
B) positive; classical conditioning
C) negative; classical conditioning
D) positive; social learning

Question 27

Habib has developed a physical dependence on nicotine, which means

A) his body requires it for "normal" functioning and he'll most likely experience withdrawal symptoms if he tries to quit smoking.
B) he is probably experiencing serious interpersonal problems because of this substance.
C) he very likely is failing to fulfill important obligations to others.
D) he probably feels compelled to smoke cigarettes.

Question 28

The definition of addiction has come to include

A) physical dependence.
B) psychological dependence.
C) repeated consumption of a substance.
D) all of the above

Question 29

Nora has been feeling irritable since she quit smoking last week. She is experiencing symptoms of _____.

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) dependence.
D) abuse.

Question 30

Nicotine, the addictive substance in cigarettes:

A) triggers catecholamine release.
B) acts as a stimulant.
C) is found naturally only in tobacco.
D) all of the above

Question 31

Which of the following statement regarding cigarette smoking is true

A) It is at an all time high in the Canada.
B) It has declined to the point that many tobacco companies now face bankruptcy.
C) It reached its greatest popularity in Canada in the mid 60s.
D) It was introduced to North America by Columbus.

Question 32

In the past Randi had only to drink two beers before she felt a "buzz." Now she must drink five or more beers to get that "buzz." Randi is exhibiting

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) psychological dependence.
D) addiction.

Question 33

According to the text, the potential for psychological dependence is lowest for

A) marijuana.
B) heroin.
C) cocaine.
D) LSD.

Question 34

Samuel has intense cravings for a cigarette when he sees his friend, Andrew. According to the text, the sight of Andrew serves as a __________.

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) substance-related cue
D) tolerance cue

Question 35

Which of the following smokers is in the age level with the highest percentage of smokers in Canada

A) Daniel, age 45
B) Sunny, age 24
C) Samantha, age 12
D) Caroline, age 60

Question 36

Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity on addiction is not true

A) Smoking and alcoholism share the same genetic markers.
B) The specific genes responsible for smoking have been identified.
C) The specific genes responsible for alcoholism have been identified.
D) If one identical twin smokes, the co-twin is also likely to smoke.

Question 37

The process in which the body requires increasingly large doses of a drug to achieve the same effect is best described as

A) tolerance.
B) withdrawal.
C) dependence.
D) addiction.

Question 38

Which substance in inhaled cigarette smoke is readily absorbed into the bloodstream and reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen

A) tar
B) nicotine
C) carbon monoxide
D) carbon dioxide

Question 39

The idea that smokers pace their smoking to maintain the levels of nicotine in their blood is most consistent with which of the following theories

A) nicotine regulation
B) psychosocial
C) psychological dependence
D) biobehavioural

Question 40

Which of the following persons is most likely to continue smoking beyond a few cigarettes

A) Joe, whose parents don't smoke
B) Tara, whose friends all think smoking is "uncool"
C) Conrad, a rebellious, risk-taking adolescent
D) none of the above

Question 41

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between prevalence of lung cancer and smoking

A) Lung cancer has decreased in prevalence and thus its relationship with smoking is unclear.
B) Rates of lung cancer mortality started to rise about 20 years after the increase in smoking.
C) The gap between women and men who smoke in mortality due to lung cancer remains the same as it was 40 years ago.
D) Mortality rates due to lung cancer are the same as in the days of Christopher Columbus.

Question 42

Factors that predict the movement from drug use to drug abuse include

A) rebelliousness and sensation seeking.
B) rebelliousness and genetics.
C) high levels of social conformity and social learning.
D) impulsivity and stress.

Question 43

Which of the following drugs is one of the most popular in the world

A) cocaine
B) barbiturates
C) heroin
D) marijuana

Question 44

Historically, _____ occurs more in countries that incorporate drinking into daily life, whereas _____ occurs more in countries that restrict alcohol use.

A) alcoholism; problem drinking
B) problem drinking; alcoholism
C) intoxication; daily drinking
D) daily drinking; intoxication

Question 45

In comparison to the research on the effects of smoking and drinking on health, the research on effects of drug use on health is

A) well documented.
B) not well documented.
C) rapidly catching up.
D) hampered by negative public opinions.

Question 46

Which is not true about passive smoking

A) It can cause cancer in healthy nonsmokers.
B) Children of smokers have more respiratory infections than children of nonsmokers.
C) The smoke that comes from the end of a burning cigarette contains high concentrations of carcinogens.
D) Designating some tables in the corner of a restaurant as smoking tables and the rest as nonsmoking eliminates the exposure of nonsmokers to the harmful effects of smoke.

Question 47

Jose has had 5 glasses of beer and decides he needs to drive to the grocery store. He says to his roommate "I always sober up as soon as I get behind the wheel." He is _____ the effects of alcohol on his ability to drive.

A) overestimating
B) underestimating
C) accurately estimating
D) cognitively restructuring

Question 48

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in alcohol consumption

A) Men drink more than women only in adolescence.
B) Men drink more than women during adolescence but women drink more during adult life.
C) Men drink more than women throughout the lifespan.
D) Women drink more than men only in adolescence.

Question 49

The strongest factor in determining teenagers' decreasing use of drugs is

A) stress
B) genetics
C) drug availability
D) beliefs about the harmfulness of drugs.

Question 50

Which of the following effects of using cocaine are linked to increased risk for stroke and heart attack

A) blood vessel constriction
B) increase in heart rate
C) cardiac arrhythmia
D) all of the above

Question 51

Most problem drinkers are

A) college students.
B) unemployed.
C) married.
D) separated from their families.

Question 52

Risk factors that link smoking to cardiovascular heart disease (CHD) include

A) having a lifestyle that includes other risk factors.
B) low blood pressure which causes the nicotine to be metabolized more slowly.
C) being a female.
D) having relatively low stress levels in one's life.

Question 53

Researchers have found that when habitual smokers are provided with low nicotine cigarettes they:

A) smoke more to maintain their nicotine intake
B) smoke about the same number of cigarettes.
C) smoke less because of low-tar cigarettes taste awful.
D) are very likely to stop smoking after a short period of time.

Question 54

Which of the following concepts accounts for the fact that Hank tries to keep pace with his friends in terms of number of drinks consumed when they are out together at a bar

A) abstinence violation effect
B) substance-related cues
C) negative reinforcement
D) modeling

Question 55

Heavy drinking has been linked to all of the following health problems except

A) asthma.
B) cirrhosis.
C) brain damage.
D) high blood pressure.

Question 56

Terrance has a history of alcoholism in his family. Which of the following might happen to Terrance that would be less likely to happen to his friends without a similar family history

A) stronger cravings for alcohol after his first drink
B) stronger dislike for the taste of alcohol
C) lower tolerance for the effects of alcohol
D) his family history will not have any impact on his drinking

Question 57

The movement in Canada and the United States which advocated total abstinence from alcohol was called

A) temperance.
B) behaviour modification.
C) behaviourism.
D) the Roaring 20s.

Question 58

Which statement is accurate regarding long-term effects of marijuana and and tobacco use

A) They both are linked to CHD.
B) They both are linked to the development of cancer.
C) They both are linked to lung damage.
D) Marijuana use has no long term effects on health.

Question 59

The phrase "lifetime prevalence rate" refers to

A) number of new cases in a year.
B) proportion of individuals who have experienced the problem at any point in their lifetime.
C) another term for mortality rate.
D) another term for morbidity rate.

Question 60

The substances in cigarettes which contribute to cardiovascular disease are

A) tar and carbon.
B) winston and salem.
C) carbon monoxide and nicotine.
D) filters and menthol.

Question 61

Setting legal drinking ages and restricting sales of alcohol to certain times of are examples of a(n) _____ approach to prevention.

A) public policy or legal
B) behaviour modification
C) health promotion and education
D) early intervention

Question 62

Attempting to quit smoking on one's own is

A) rarely successful.
B) equal in success rate compared with a structured program.
C) one of the most common ways to quit smoking.
D) effective only if the person uses satiation too.

Question 63

Frank's favourite cigarettes of the day and the hardest to give up are those he has right after dinner. Frank decides to begin taking a walk after dinner instead of smoking. This is an example of

A) behavioural contracting.
B) response substitution.
C) stimulus control.
D) self-deception.

Question 64

Which of the following is a problem with employee assistance programs

A) They identify substance abuse problems only after they become severe.
B) Most employees with substance abuse problems don't use them.
C) Employees with substance abuse are often concerned their employer will find out and thus don't use the program.
D) all of the above

Question 65

Kyle is taking the drug known as emetine. He can expect which of the following effects from the drug

A) Nausea if he drinks alcohol while he's taking it.
B) Perceptual distortions since it is a hallucinogen.
C) Decreased arousal and increased relaxation.
D) Pain relief.

Question 66

Prevention programs are currently being designed to deal with the use of multiple substances. What are the primary reasons for doing so

A) initial use of all three substances occurs in adolescence and for similar reasons
B) cost and convenience
C) for convenience reasons only
D) this is how prevention programs have always been delivered

Question 67

According to the text, which of the following is the primary focus in "family involvement" approaches

A) getting parents to stop smoking
B) getting parents more actively involved in supervision of their children
C) getting parents to use more harsh punishment
D) increasing parental understanding of modern youth

Question 68

Successful programs designed to prevent teenage drug abuse have incorporated which of the following components

A) A mass media campaign that emphasizes the negative consequences of drug use.
B) Project DARE.
C) Social influence and life skills training.
D) Stress reduction.

Question 69

Present research indicates that alcoholics who can drink in moderation and in a controlled fashion are

A) relatively common.
B) generally rare.
C) only found among long term alcoholics who have increased their tolerance for the drug.
D) usually young, with a short term drinking problem.

Question 70

According to recent research, how effective is Alcoholic Anonymous in reducing alcohol use

A) AA's effectiveness is still unknown at present.
B) AA is as effective as other current methods.
C) AA is less effective than other methods.
D) AA is more effective than other methods.

Question 71

Melissa is entering a stop-smoking program that uses reinforcement as part of the program. Her friend, Madison, is entering a program that does not use reinforcement. Which person is more likely to be successful

A) Melissa
B) Madison
C) both will be successful
D) neither will be successful

Question 72

Todd removes all ashtrays from his car and home to help him to stop smoking. He is using a strategy called:

A) behavioural contracting.
B) response substitution.
C) stimulus control.
D) self-deception.

Question 73

Which of the methods below was not used by the majority of people trying to quit smoking in a stop-smoking contest

A) Quitting ''cold turkey''.
B) Going it alone.
C) Providing material rewards for success.
D) Using oral substitutes.

Question 74

According to the stages of change model, what is the critical transition point for readiness to attempt stopping the use of a substance

A) the shift from precontemplation to contemplation
B) the shift from preparation to action
C) the shift from contemplation to preparation/action
D) none of the above

Question 75

Maria has just finished formal treatment for her addiction to cocaine. If she experiences a relapse, when is the most likely time that will happen

A) within the next few weeks
B) at the one year point following treatment
C) at the seven year point following treatment
D) relapse is highly unlikely

Question 76

Of the following people, who is most likely to relapse following their stop-smoking program

A) Mark, a light smoker
B) Gina, a heavy smoker
C) Billy, whose wife is very supportive of his quit attempt
D) June, who is very sure she will be effective in her quit attempt

Question 77

Discuss the relationships between the terms addiction, physical dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, psychological dependence and substance abuse.

Question 78

You are a smoker who has decided to quit. Which of the following programs would likely be most effective for you

A) quitting ''cold turkey''
B) using a nicotine patch
C) providing material rewards for success
D) a multidimensional program

Question 79

What is one of the major problems with using Antabuse as part of a treatment program to get people to stop drinking

A) It doesn't work on most people.
B) It's cruel to make people nauseous.
C) It's difficult to get people to take it consistently.
D) It substitutes one addiction for another.

Question 80

According to research, when smokers relapse what phenomenon is observed

A) They are able to immediately attempt another quit effort and be successful.
B) They usually give up trying to quit entirely.
C) They decrease their perceptions of the health risks of smoking.
D) They switch to a low tar cigarette.