Deck 15: Gender Development

Question 1

Which question would be asked by children who have acquired a gender identity?

A)"Am I a boy or a girl?"
B)"Will I always be a girl?"
C)"Am I still a girl if I have short hair and like to play football?"
D)All of these questions might be asked by such children.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

"Nonbinary" is another term for

A)cisgender.
B)transgender.
C)genderqueer.
D)gender-fluid.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which type of aggression is more common amongst males than amongst females?

A)direct
B)relational
C)indirect
D)social

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What does a meta-analysis do?

A)summarizes the average effect size across studies
B)examines the size of an effect in a large sample
C)uses a long-term longitudinal study to determine the strength of effects
D)determines if there are significant differences between groups

Question 5

By about _____ of age, infants/children are first able to distinguish between females and males, usually on the basis of _____.

A)15 to 18 months; clothing
B)6 to 9 months; hairstyle
C)12 to 14 months; voice
D)2 to 3 years; behaviour

Question 6

Heightened concern with adhering to traditional gender roles is referred to as

A)gender-role intensification.
B)ingroup bias.
C)gender-role flexibility.
D)ingroup assimilation.

Question 7

According to social cognitive theory, learning does NOT occur through

A)age-related brain development.
B)direct teaching.
C)experiencing the reactions one's behaviour evokes in others.
D)modelling.

Question 8

According to the social cognitive theory, learning occurs through all of these EXCEPT

A)tuition.
B)enactive experience.
C)typicality.
D)observation.

Question 9

Of these influences, which appears to be the initial source of gender segregation?

A)establishment of gender constancy
B)peer pressure
C)differences in behavioural styles and interests
D)parent and teacher efforts

Question 10

When researchers asked adults to watch a video of two children whose gender they could not identify and then to rate the children's level of aggression, the adults who believed that _____ rated the children as least aggressive.

A)the children were both boys
B)the children were both girls
C)one child was a boy and one was a girl
D)they could not determine the sex of the children

Question 11

In distinguishing between males and females, infants appear NOT to be able to understand

A)what it means to be male or female.
B)that female voices go with female faces and male voices go with male faces.
C)that females and males tend to have different hairstyles.
D)that males and females tend to have different vocal pitches.

Question 12

Max was born a biological female but does not exclusively identify with being male or female. This is an example of

A)cisgender.
B)transgender.
C)genderqueer.
D)gender-fluid.

Question 13

Cognitive theories of gender development stress

A)gender differences in brain structure.
B)children's gender self-socialization.
C)opportunity structure.
D)differences in male and female social roles.

Question 14

Children's tendency to seek out peers of their own gender and avoid peers of the opposite gender is referred to as gender

A)stereotyping.
B)segregation.
C)role development.
D)discrimination.

Question 15

According to gender schema theory, which statement is NOT true?

A)Children remember more about the observation of members of their own sex than about the observation of members of the other sex.
B)Children are more likely to retain information that is gender consistent than information that is gender inconsistent.
C)Children are more likely to distort information that is gender inconsistent than information that is gender consistent.
D)Children are more likely to accurately encode information about members of the other sex than about members of their own sex.

Question 16

Which is the LATEST milestone reached by children?

A)actively classifying people by gender
B)forming expectations about the kinds of objects typically associated with males and females
C)knowing to which gender group they belong
D)recognition of gender-action mismatches (e.g., a woman shaving her face)

Question 17

According to the _____, the more children identify with their gender ingroup, the more motivated they will be to adhere to the stereotypes for their gender ingroup.

A)social identity theory
B)stereotype emulation hypothesis
C)stereotype construction hypothesis
D)identity construction hypothesis

Question 18

The distinction between genetic females and genetic males is referred to as

A)sex.
B)gender.
C)gender typing.
D)gender roles.

Question 19

Mental representations incorporating everything children know about gender are referred to as gender

A)identities.
B)systems.
C)socializations.
D)schemas.

Question 20

Which process is NOT included in observational learning?

A)attention
B)motivation
C)assimilation
D)production

Question 21

Through the process of ingroup assimilation, a young girl will

A)be expected to demonstrate the characteristics that are associated with being a girl and will come to conform to norms for girls.
B)be tempted by males' higher social status to demonstrate gender-neutral characteristics.
C)perceive other girls and the characteristics associated with being a girl as superior to boys and the characteristics associated with being a boy.
D)evaluate other girls and characteristics associated with girls as superior to boys.

Question 22

Organizing influences of androgens on the nervous system occur when

A)fluctuations in sex-linked hormones influence brain and behavioural responses.
B)differences in brain structure result in gender differences in abilities.
C)individuals self-socialize as a result of sex-linked hormonal influences.
D)sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation.

Question 23

The initial evaluation of information as relevant to one's gender is called

A)self-socialization.
B)gender schema filter.
C)interest filter.
D)gender typing.

Question 24

The process of gender socialization is referred to as

A)sex typing.
B)gender typing.
C)sex education.
D)gender education.

Question 25

_____ refers to persons who do not identify with any gender category.

A)Agender
B)Transgender
C)Genderqueer
D)Gender-fluid

Question 26

Which variable is NOT a factor in the differences between girls' and boys' intellectual capabilities?

A)social expectations
B)biological differences
C)peer socialization
D)Research has not found differences in intellectual capabilities between girls and boys.

Question 27

Approximately _____ of the U.S. population identifies as transgender.

A)0.6%
B)2%
C)5%
D)10%

Question 28

Which statement about parents' influences on boys' and girls' cognitive development and achievement is TRUE?

A)Parents' beliefs about boys' and girls' potential are similar for male and female children until children begin to display gender-typed differences in interests or achievement.
B)Parents of males and parents of females tend to have similar rates of verbal interaction with their children.
C)Parents communicate gender-stereotyped expectations through differential encouragement.
D)Parents tend to be more lenient with daughters in comparison to sons, helping daughters mature earlier than sons.

Question 29

Research by Leaper and colleagues demonstrated that, among 7-year-olds, _____ were more frequent for girls than for boys, and _____ were more common among boys than among girls.

A)obliging statements; collaborative statements
B)obliging statements; controlling statements
C)collaborative statements; controlling statements
D)signs of withdrawal; controlling statements

Question 30

The onset of the capacity for ejaculation is referred to as

A)adrenarche.
B)menarche.
C)spermarche.
D)puberty.

Question 31

The gap in the sports-related skills of boys and girls becomes substantial when they are in

A)toddlerhood.
B)early childhood.
C)middle childhood.
D)early adolescence.

Question 32

Which statement about males' and females' experience of sexual harassment is TRUE?

A)Sexual harassment is commonly experienced by both boys and girls.
B)Most sexual harassment occurs online.
C)Most perpetrators of sexual harassment are teachers or other adults.
D)Same-gender harassment is more likely to happen to girls than to boys.

Question 33

Amanda was born a biological female and identifies as female. She is

A)cisgender.
B)transgender.
C)genderqueer.
D)gender-fluid.

Question 34

Which statement about the general intelligence of girls and boys is NOT true?

A)More boys' scores than girls' scores fall at the lower range of intelligence scores.
B)More boys' scores than girls' scores fall at the upper range of intelligence scores.
C)The general intellectual performance of boys and girls tends to be equivalent.
D)Girls have higher intelligence than boys regardless of how intelligence is measured.

Question 35

Which statement about the influence of testosterone on aggression is NOT true?

A)There is no direct association between aggression and baseline testosterone.
B)Increases in testosterone occur in response to a perceived threat.
C)Impulsivity increases the likelihood that another person's behaviour will be perceived as threatening.
D)Testosterone has no influence on aggressive behaviour.

Question 36

According to gender schema theory, which schema is children's first gender-related schema?

A)own-sex schema
B)other-sex schema
C)ingroup/outgroup schema
D)good/bad schema

Question 37

The realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person's appearance or behaviour is referred to as gender

A)identity.
B)stability.
C)constancy.
D)schema.

Question 38

Puberty is defined as the development of

A)the ability to reproduce.
B)menarche.
C)body image.
D)sexual attraction.

Question 39

Which theory is particularly useful when interpreting variations across societies in women's and men's relative status and power?

A)bioecological model
B)social identity theory
C)cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development
D)biosocial theory

Question 40

Some researchers who take a neuroscience approach to gender differences argue that those differences stem from different

A)treatment by adults.
B)levels of androgens.
C)levels of knowledge about the two sexes.
D)play styles.

Question 41

The differences in interpersonal goals between the sexes tend to be consistent with

A)gender stereotypes.
B)traditional gender roles.
C)general intelligence.
D)parental influences on gender development.

Question 42

The tendency for people to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the group to which they belong as superior to those of the other group is referred to as

A)ingroup assimilation.
B)ingroup bias.
C)outgroup assimilation.
D)outgroup bias.

Question 43

The economic and social resources offered by the macrosystem in the bioecological model and people's understanding of those resources is called

A)organizing influence.
B)opportunity structure.
C)enactive experience.
D)collaboration.

Question 44

Adrenarche occurs at approximately what age?

A)8 years
B)10 years
C)12 years
D)16 years

Question 45

Jacob's dad often teaches his son how to make minor car repairs. According to social cognitive theory, this is an example of

A)enactive experience.
B)modelling.
C)tuition.
D)collaboration.

Question 46

According to the "social dosage effect"

A)spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behaviour.
B)increases in gender-typed behaviour predict increases in amount of time spent with same-gender peers.
C)both of these predictions would hold.
D)neither of these predictions would hold.

Question 47

Boys' more frequent focus on _____ likely leads to increased aggression.

A)affiliative traits
B)dominance goals
C)the ineffectiveness of their actions
D)empathy when someone gets hurt

Question 48

Friendly cross-gender contacts often occur in which context?

A)when a teacher assigns children to work together on a project
B)on the playground at recess
C)in the cafeteria
D)when there are a lot of children around

Question 49

According to the _____, children are apt to form generalized beliefs or stereotypes about their gender ingroup based on their own personal-social attributes.

A)social identity theory
B)stereotype emulation hypothesis
C)stereotype construction hypothesis
D)identity construction hypothesis

Question 50

Which statement about differences between girls' and boys' academic achievement is TRUE?

A)Girls and boys tend to differ in academic achievement in high school, but boys tend to be higher in elementary school and in college.
B)Girls and boys tend to be similar in academic achievement in high school, but girls tend to be higher in elementary school and in college.
C)Boys tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than girls from elementary school through college.
D)Girls tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than boys from elementary school through college.

Question 51

Which scenario is an example of enactive experience?

A)Ty's dad helps him with his science homework.
B)Tristan notices that his teacher pays more attention to him when he gets angry than when he cries.
C)Emily's grandmother teaches her how to sew a button on a shirt.
D)Kaya watches her mother take care of her baby brother.

Question 52

By age _____, most children begin to attribute certain toys and play activities to each gender.

A)2 years
B)3 years
C)5 years
D)7 tears

Question 53

Ingroup assimilation refers to the

A)process whereby individuals are forced to conform to the group's norms.
B)process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms.
C)tendency to evaluate what is associated with the ingroup as inferior to that which is associated with the outgroup.
D)tendency to evaluate what is associated with the ingroup as superior to that which is associated with the outgroup.

Question 54

Samantha's mother is teaching her how to properly wash dishes. This is an example of

A)tuition.
B)enactive experience.
C)typicality.
D)observation.

Question 55

For some adolescents, advances in cognitive development enable them to experience

A)greater gender-role flexibility.
B)gender-role intensification.
C)a stronger interest filter.
D)more clearly delineated gender schemas.

Question 56

Which statement about males' and females' ability on spatial tasks is TRUE?

A)Males outperform females on all visual-spatial processing tasks.
B)Females outperform males on all visual-spatial processing tasks.
C)Males and females perform virtually identically on all visual-spatial processing tasks.
D)Gender differences in performance depend on the particular type of spatial ability that is being considered.

Question 57

Which factor is LEAST likely to be related to differences between girls' and boys' intellectual capabilities?

A)different societal messages regarding the gender appropriateness of particular domains
B)differences in brain size
C)peer socialization
D)parent socialization

Question 58

Affiliation includes an emphasis on which quality?

A)sensitive
B)active
C)task-oriented
D)influential

Question 59

Kohlberg proposed that children learn about how to behave according to their gender because

A)they actively seek out same-gender models.
B)they are treated differently by parents and teachers based on their gender.
C)they spend more time with members of the same sex.
D)their brains are structured to attend more to gender-appropriate objects and activities.

Question 60

Social identity theory is particularly interested in the influence of

A)the contexts in which development occurs.
B)cognitive advancements.
C)hormones.
D)group membership.

Question 61

Levels of which activity would MOST likely be positively associated with the level of androgens in the body?

A)parenting play
B)cooperation
C)physical aggression
D)empathy

Question 62

_____ persons identify with a different gender than their biological sex.

A)Cisgender
B)Transgender
C)Genderqueer
D)Gender-fluid

Question 63

According to Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development, children begin to imitate same-sex models when they

A)have established gender identity.
B)are rewarded.
C)have achieved gender constancy.
D)have constructed gender schemas.

Question 64

When a person identifies with both feminine and masculine gender categories, they are

A)cisgender.
B)bigender.
C)genderqueer.
D)gender-fluid.

Question 65

Which assertion provides the BEST support for the perspective of gender schema theory on gender differences?

A)Boys have more opportunity to observe the behaviour of men, and girls have more opportunity to observe the behaviour of women.
B)Girls and boys have different play styles from a very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age.
C)Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent information.
D)Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play.

Question 66

The concepts of ingroup bias and ingroup assimilation are central to _____ theory.

A)Kohlberg's
B)gender schema
C)social identity
D)social cognitive

Question 67

Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development is particularly concerned with

A)how gender knowledge develops.
B)parents' differential reinforcement of gender-appropriate and -inappropriate behaviour.
C)biologically based sex differences.
D)the contexts in which girls and boys develop differently.

Question 68

_____ refers to individuals who are highly cross-gender-typed in relation to their assigned gender.

A)Gender nonconforming
B)Transgender
C)Genderqueer
D)Gender-fluid

Question 69

In comparison with girls, boys are MORE likely to be diagnosed with

A)intellectual disabilities.
B)depression.
C)anxiety.
D)social anxiety.

Question 70

Infants appear to know that

A)female voices go with female faces and male voices go with male faces.
B)females and males tend to have different hairstyles.
C)males and females tend to have different vocal pitches.
D)females and males tend to have similar vocal inflations.

Question 71

Which theory is NOT an example of a cognitive perspective on gender development?

A)gender schema theory
B)bioecological model
C)Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development
D)social identity theory

Question 72

Gender refers to

A)one's social assignment or self-categorization as female or male or possibly both, neither, or a different category.
B)one's genetically specified category as male or female.
C)behaviours associated with being male or female.
D)biological processes involving hormones.

Question 73

Body image refers to an individual's thoughts and feelings about his or her

A)sexuality.
B)athletic ability.
C)physical appearance.
D)intellect

Question 74

The cognitive perspective on gender development is concerned with

A)children's efforts to socialize themselves.
B)parents' and teachers' unintentional socialization of children.
C)differences in brain functioning between girls and boys.
D)general socialization practices.

Question 75

The initial evaluation of information as being personally relevant is called

A)the interest filter.
B)gender stability.
C)the enactive experience.
D)observational learning.

Question 76

What role does the increase in body fat that occurs in adolescence play in menarche and spermarche?

A)Both menarche and spermarche are triggered by the increase in body fat.
B)Menarche, but not spermarche, is triggered by the increase in body fat.
C)Spermarche, but not menarche, is triggered by the increase in body fat.
D)Neither menarche nor spermarche is triggered by the increase in body fat.

Question 77

According to the bioecological approach, child socialization practices serve to

A)reinforce genetically based gender differences.
B)assist children to be successful in their field of interest.
C)prepare children for adult roles.
D)teach children a variety of behaviours and attitudes so that they can choose amongst them.

Question 78

Kohlberg's theory of gender-role development proposes that which factor is the basis for the development of gender knowledge?

A)children's intrinsic motivation to learn about gender
B)general cognitive development
C)parents' explicit instruction
D)peer socialization

Question 79

Gender differences in aggression

A)are virtually identical across cultures.
B)exist in some cultures but not in others.
C)are flipped in some cultures.
D)are consistent across cultures, but the average levels of aggression vary widely.

Question 80

The blending of the assertion and affiliation styles of behaviour is referred to as

A)cooperation.
B)collaboration.
C)association.
D)amalgamation.