Deck 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

Question 1

The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the

A) thickness of the bone.
B) strength of the bone.
C) growth rate of bone.
D) ability of the bone to heal.
E) length of the bone.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed

A) hydroxyapatite.
B) proteoglycans.
C) collagen.
D) osteoblasts.
E) calcium.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the

A) periosteum.
B) ligament.
C) endosteum.
D) epiphyseal line.
E) perichondrium.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

A) bone matrix.
B) blood.
C) fibrous cartilage.
D) hyaline cartilage.
E) ligaments.

Question 5

Brittle bone disorder is another name for

A) scurvy.
B) osteomyelitis.
C) osteoporosis.
D) osteomalacia.
E) osteogenesis imperfecta.

Question 6

Ligaments attach

A) muscle to bone.
B) nerve to muscle.
C) bone to bone.
D) muscle to muscle.
E) nerve to bone.

Question 7

Cartilage

A) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum.
B) is composed of osteons.
C) is well vascularized.
D) contains chondrocytes located in lacunae.
E) does not need nutrients and oxygen so it has no blood vessels.

Question 8

The primary mineral in bone is

A) iron.
B) sodium.
C) potassium.
D) calcium.
E) oxygen.

Question 9

Which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water?

A) proteoglycan
B) hyaluronic acid
C) elastin
D) collagen
E) chondrocytes

Question 10

The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the

A) ligamentous cord.
B) lacuna.
C) chondrocyte.
D) matrix.
E) perichondrium.

Question 11

In appositional growth of cartilage,

A) new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
B) the tissue becomes vascularized in order to grow.
C) chondroblasts within the tissue proliferate and add more matrix from the inside.
D) the cartilage is replaced with another kind of connective tissue.
E) osteoblasts replace the chondroblasts.

Question 12

Which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix?

A) Blood calcium is elevated.
B) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
C) Ca²⁺ is actively transported from bone matrix to the blood.
D) The protein components of bone matrix are digested.
E) Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.

Question 13

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)

A) bursa.
B) aponeurosis.
C) epimysium.
D) tendon.
E) ligament.

Question 14

Chondroblasts produce

A) ligaments.
B) blood cells.
C) bone tissue.
D) cartilage matrix.
E) synovial fluid.

Question 15

Rickets is

A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
B) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development.
C) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
D) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
E) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.

Question 16

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of

A) hydroxyapatite crystals.
B) collagenase.
C) collagen fibers.
D) elastin fibers.
E) bone marrow.

Question 17

Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage

A) give cartilage its resilient nature.
B) replace collagen fibers in the matrix.
C) make the perichondrium very stretchable.
D) fill the lacunae.
E) make cartilage hard and compact.

Question 18

The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the

A) osteocyte.
B) chondrocyte.
C) osteoblast.
D) osteoclast.
E) chondroblast.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?

A) blood cell formation
B) support
C) calcium storage
D) immunity
E) movement

Question 20

The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is

A) osteocartilage.
B) elastic cartilage.
C) hyaline cartilage.
D) interstitial cartilage.
E) fibrocartilage.

Question 21

Osteoclasts have projections that cause bone reabsorption called

A) ruffled borders.
B) canaliculi.
C) lacunae.
D) crossroads.
E) lamellae.

Question 22

What are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?

A) osteochondral progenitor cells
B) chondrocytes
C) osteoblasts
D) osteocytes
E) osteoclasts

Question 23

Lamellar bone

A) is very light in weight.
B) has a porous appearance.
C) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
D) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
E) is not easily restructured.

Question 24

Which type of bone cells package calcium and phosphate ions?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoclasts
C) osteoblasts
D) osteocytes

Question 25

Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?

A) Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.
B) Blood calcium is decreased.
C) Ca²⁺ is actively transported from blood to bone matrix.
D) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
E) The protein components of bone matrix are synthesized.

Question 26

Haversian systems or osteons

A) lack concentric lamellae.
B) do not contain osteocytes.
C) are found in spongy bone tissue.
D) are avascular.
E) are the basic units in compact bone tissue.

Question 27

Which type of bone cells are large cells that form from fusion of monocytes?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteocytes
C) osteoblasts
D) osteoclasts

Question 28

Spongy bone tissue

A) contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae.
B) is very dense.
C) contains concentric lamellae.
D) is the primary component of compact bone.
E) has many spaces and lacks osteocytes.

Question 29

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) periosteum - lines the medullary cavity
B) osteoblasts - break down bone tissue
C) osteoclasts - responsible for reabsorption
D) endosteum - lines central canal of the osteon
E) osteocytes - function in bone remodeling

Question 30

Which type of bone cells have processes that lie in canaliculi?

A) osteocytes
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) osteochondral progenitor cell

Question 31

Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete acids?

A) osteoblasts
B) osteochondral progenitor cell
C) osteoclasts
D) osteocytes

Question 32

The stem cells of osteoclasts are

A) osteocytes.
B) chondrocytes.
C) monocytes.
D) osteochondral progenitor cells.
E) osteoclasts.

Question 33

Which type of bone cells give rise to osteoblasts?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) osteocytes

Question 34

Which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?

A) osteochondral progenitor cell
B) osteoblasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteoclasts

Question 35

Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?

A) osteocytes
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) osteochondral progenitor cell

Question 36

The primary function of osteoblasts is to

A) inhibit the growth of bone.
B) lay down bone matrix.
C) resorb bone along the epiphyseal plate.
D) prevent osteocytes from forming.
E) stimulate bone growth.

Question 37

Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

A) osteoclast
B) fibroblast
C) osteocyte
D) chondroclast
E) chondroblast

Question 38

Woven bone

A) has a porous appearance.
B) is not easily restructured.
C) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
D) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
E) is very light in weight.

Question 39

The stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts are

A) monocytes.
B) chondrocytes.
C) osteocytes.
D) osteoclasts.
E) osteochondral progenitor cells.

Question 40

Which type of bone cells possess extensive ER and ribosomes?

A) osteocytes
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) osteochondral progenitor cell

Question 41

Thin sheets of bone matrix are

A) lamellae.
B) lacunae.
C) trabeculae.
D) periosteum.
E) canaliculi.

Question 42

Spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are

A) periosteum.
B) trabeculae.
C) lacunae.
D) lamellae.

Question 43

Interconnecting rods of bone are

A) periosteum.
B) trabeculae.
C) lamellae.
D) canaliculi.
E) lacunae.

Question 44

Which type of bone is considered dense bone?

A) compact bone
B) spongy bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 45

Which type of bone has concentric lamellae?

A) compact bone
B) both spongy and compact
C) spongy bone

Question 46

You would look for concentric lamellae

A) as components of the cartilage.
B) in between osteons.
C) around the central canal of an osteon.
D) on the outer surface of compact bone tissues.
E) in the bone marrow.

Question 47

These are blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon and run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

A) Haversian canals
B) lamellar canals
C) Volkmann canals
D) osteochondral canals
E) Sharpey's canals

Question 48

In which type of bone would osteons be present?

A) compact bone
B) spongy bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 49

The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is

A) circumferential.
B) interstitial.
C) appositional.
D) concentric.
E) oppositional.

Question 50

An example of a long bone would be

A) the sternum.
B) the tibia.
C) a rib.
D) the clavicle.
E) a carpal bone.

Question 51

Which type of bone appears porous?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 52

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the

A) trabeculae.
B) lamellae.
C) lacunae.
D) periosteum.
E) canaliculi.

Question 53

Small channels extending through the bone matrix are

A) lacunae.
B) lamellae.
C) canaliculi.
D) periosteum.
E) trabeculae.

Question 54

Canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue.

A) compact bone
B) both spongy and compact
C) spongy bone

Question 55

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a

A) lacuna.
B) lamella.
C) osteocanal.
D) canaliculus.
E) central canal.

Question 56

In which type of bone are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 57

The type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is

A) interstitial.
B) circumferential.
C) appositional.
D) concentric.
E) oppositional.

Question 58

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) short bone - carpal bone
B) long bone - vertebra
C) short bone - humerus
D) flat bone - phalanges of the toes
E) irregular bone - femur

Question 59

In which type of bone would trabeculae be present?

A) spongy bone
B) compact bone
C) both spongy and compact

Question 60

The type of lamellae found between osteons (Haversian systems) is

A) interstitial.
B) oppositional.
C) appositional.
D) circumferential.
E) concentric.

Question 61

The locations where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification are known as

A) centers of ossification.
B) membranous ossification centers.
C) epiphyseal ossification centers.
D) secondary ossification centers.
E) medullary cavity ossification centers.

Question 62

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

A) fibers
B) endosteum
C) growth plate
D) medullary cavity
E) epiphysis

Question 63

Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?

A) perichondrium
B) perimysium
C) periosteum
D) peritendineum
E) peritoneum

Question 64

What strengthens the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to bone?

A) growth plate
B) epiphysis
C) Sharpey fibers
D) medullary cavity
E) endosteum

Question 65

These collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum of the bone.

A) Purkinje fibers
B) Golgi fibers
C) Sharpey fibers
D) Haversian fibers
E) endosteal fibers

Question 66

The medullary cavity is

A) the site where osteoblasts are found.
B) filled with fibrocartilage and elastin fibers.
C) dead space in the bone.
D) lined with endosteum.
E) empty in adult bones.

Question 67

What is the site of long bone growth?

A) endosteum
B) epiphyseal plate
C) medullary cavity
D) periosteum
E) diaphysis

Question 68

What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?

A) articular cartilage
B) fibrocartilage
C) cancellous bone
D) elastic cartilage
E) periosteum

Question 69

Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called

A) sinuses.
B) trabeculae.
C) epiphyseal spaces.
D) medullary cavities.
E) lacunae.

Question 70

What is the end of a long bone?

A) endosteum
B) growth plate
C) Sharpey's fibers
D) epiphysis
E) medullary cavity

Question 71

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

A) epiphyseal plate
B) epiphysis
C) medullary cavity
D) Sharpey's fibers
E) endosteum

Question 72

Arrange the following events in endochondral ossification in proper sequence: (1) Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die.
(2) Chondrocytes hypertrophy.
(3) Cartilage model is formed.
(4) Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage called the primary ossification center.
(5) Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

A) 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
B) 3, 5, 2, 4, 1
C) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
D) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
E) 3, 2, 5, 4, 1

Question 73

Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?

A) Cancellous bone is formed.
B) Periosteum is formed.
C) Many tiny trabeculae of woven bone develop.
D) A membrane of delicate collagen fibers develops.
E) Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts.

Question 74

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

A) interstitial.
B) endochondral.
C) intramembranous.
D) osteomalacia.
E) appositional.

Question 75

The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

A) Both processes require a precursor of connective tissue membranes.
B) Both processes form woven bone.
C) Both only form flat bones.
D) Chondrocytes participate in both processes.
E) In both processes, bone replaces cartilage.

Question 76

The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called

A) epiphyseal plates.
B) bone collars.
C) articular cartilages.
D) fontanels.
E) medullary cavities.

Question 77

What is the area where marrow is located?

A) endosteum
B) Sharpey fibers
C) periosteum
D) medullary cavity
E) growth plate

Question 78

The flat bones of the skull develop from

A) fibrous connective tissue.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) compact bone.
D) hyaline cartilage.
E) areolar tissue.

Question 79

Intramembranous ossification

A) occurs when osteoblasts invade the spaces left by dying cartilage cells.
B) forms the bones of the roof of the skull.
C) occurs on the outer surface of the membrane.
D) is the process that produces most of the skeletal system.
E) occurs when bones develop from cartilage models.

Question 80

An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

A) diaphysis
B) epiphyseal line
C) articular surface
D) epiphysis
E) growth plate