Deck 20: Cardiovascular System: the Heart

Question 1

The pericardial sac is lined with

A) fibrous pericardium.
B) parietal pericardium.
C) visceral pericardium.
D) myocardium.
E) epicardium.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Another name for the visceral pericardium is the

A) endocardium.
B) epicardium.
C) isocardium.
D) myocardium.
E) visocardium.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) endocardium - covers the inner surfaces of the heart
B) myocardium - cardiac muscle
C) trabeculae carneae - interior walls of ventricles
D) pectinate muscles - muscles that close valves
E) chordae tendineae - connective tissue strings that connect to cusps of valves

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The function of the pericardial fluid is to

A) reduce friction between the pericardial membranes.
B) lubricate the heart valves.
C) replace any blood that is lost.
D) provide oxygen and nutrients to the endocardium.
E) stimulate the heart.

Question 5

A direct connection between arteries is called a/an

A) auricle.
B) sulcus.
C) sinus.
D) anastamosis.

Question 6

Which of these statements is true?

A) The left coronary artery is a branch of the left pulmonary vein.
B) The coronary sinus returns blood to the left atrium.
C) The coronary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk.
D) The great cardiac vein collects blood from the left anterior surface of the heart.
E) The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the left atrium.

Question 7

The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through ________ circulation.

A) hepatic
B) pulmonary
C) peripheral
D) systemic

Question 8

A stab wound into the heart can result in cardiac tamponade. This means that

A) blood enters the pleural cavity.
B) the heart is compressed by blood in the pericardial sac.
C) the electrical conduction system of the heart is damaged.
D) the left coronary artery has been damaged or cut.
E) the heart has lost all of its blood.

Question 9

Blood vessels enter and exit from the _____ of the heart.

A) apex
B) base
C) auricles
D) trigone
E) inferior aspect

Question 10

The heart

A) is a four-chambered muscular pump.
B) is posterior to the trachea.
C) is lined with an epithelial layer called epicardium.
D) lies mostly to the right of the midline of the sternum.
E) has a superior apex and an inferior base.

Question 11

Which of the following layers forms the bulk of the heart wall?

A) epicardium
B) pericardium
C) endocardium
D) myocardium
E) visceral pericardium

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT true about the heart?

A) The heart is about the size of a closed fist.
B) The heart is located in the mediastinum.
C) The apex of the heart is directed superiorly and to the left.
D) Knowing the heart's position is important for effective CPR.

Question 13

The epicardium

A) covers the surface of the heart.
B) lines the walls of the ventricles.
C) is known as the fibrous pericardium.
D) attaches inferiorly to the diaphragm.
E) is also called endocardium.

Question 14

All cardiac veins empty into the _________, which then empties into the _______.

A) coronary sinus; left atrium
B) coronary sinus; right atrium
C) great cardiac vein; right atrium
D) great cardiac vein; superior vena cava
E) inferior vena cava; left atrium

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the heart?

A) providing a location for gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide
B) regulating blood supply to tissues depending on need
C) generating blood pressure through contraction
D) routing blood to either the pulmonary or systemic circulations

Question 16

The great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein empty into a venous cavity called the

A) pulmonary vein.
B) inferior vena cava.
C) superior vena cava.
D) coronary sinus.
E) coronary artery.

Question 17

Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to the

A) right atrium.
B) left atrium.
C) right ventricle.
D) left ventricle.
E) coronary sinus.

Question 18

The right side of the heart receives blood from the body and pumps through _________ circulation to the lungs.

A) hepatic
B) pulmonary
C) peripheral
D) systemic

Question 19

Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the posterior wall of the heart?

A) circumflex artery
B) pulmonary artery
C) right marginal artery
D) coronary sinus artery
E) right coronary artery

Question 20

A serious condition in which a large amount of fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity and puts pressure of the heart is

A) endocarditis.
B) pericarditis.
C) a myocardial infarction.
D) cardiac tamponade.

Question 21

What is the foramen ovale?

A) An opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and fetus.
B) An opening between the right and left ventricles in the embryo and fetus.
C) An oval hole in the pericardium in the embryo and fetus.
D) An opening between the pulmonary trunk and aorta in the embryo and fetus.

Question 22

What vessel exits the left ventricle?

A) pulmonary trunk
B) pulmonary vein
C) aorta
D) pulmonary artery

Question 23

Which vessels transport blood to the right and left lungs?

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Question 24

From the right ventricle, blood flows directly into the _____.

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Question 25

Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced

A) stimulation of the myocardium.
B) blood supply to cardiac muscle.
C) fluid in the pericardial sac.
D) contractility of the heart.
E) action potentials from SA node.

Question 26

Contraction of the papillary muscles would

A) eject blood from the ventricles.
B) prevent the AV valves from protruding into the atria.
C) close the semilunar valves.
D) cause the atria to eject their contents into the ventricles.
E) open the semilunar valves.

Question 27

The AV valve that is located on the same side of the heart as the origin of the aorta is the

A) bicuspid or mitral valve.
B) tricuspid valve.
C) aortic semilunar valve.
D) pulmonary semilunar valve.
E) coronary sinus valve.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT a major opening into the right atrium?

A) pulmonary vein
B) inferior vena cava
C) superior vena cava
D) coronary sinus

Question 29

Which vessels empty blood into the left atrium?

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Question 30

Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____.

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Question 31

Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial

A) attack.
B) angina.
C) necrosis.
D) cirrhosis.
E) infarction.

Question 32

The valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is the

A) aortic semilunar valve.
B) pulmonary semilunar valve.
C) tricuspid valve.
D) mitral valve.
E) bicuspid valve.

Question 33

The right atrium receives blood from

A) the lungs and the heart.
B) the heart.
C) the body and the heart.
D) the lungs and the body.

Question 34

The chordae tendineae

A) connect the atria to the ventricles.
B) are found in the interventricular septum.
C) are part of the conducting system of the heart.
D) connect the flaps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles.
E) are a part of the myocardium.

Question 35

Which blood vessel carries blood from the left ventricle?

A) aorta
B) right atrium
C) pulmonary trunk
D) pulmonary arteries
E) pulmonary veins

Question 36

The procedure whereby a small balloon is placed into a partially occluded coronary artery and then inflated to increase blood flow through the artery is called a(n)

A) angioplasty.
B) coronary bypass.
C) urokinase injection.
D) tissue plasminogen activation.
E) angiogram.

Question 37

Which of the following heart chambers is correctly associated with the blood vessel that enters or leaves it?

A) right atrium - pulmonary veins
B) left atrium - aorta
C) right ventricle - pulmonary trunk
D) left ventricle - superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
E) right atrium - aorta

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme given to someone experiencing a myocardial infarction to break up blood clots?

A) streptokinase
B) tissue plasminogen activator (t-Pa)
C) nitroglycerin
D) urokinase

Question 39

An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the

A) lungs.
B) heart muscle.
C) right ventricle.
D) aorta.
E) right atrium.

Question 40

Blood flow through the coronary blood vessels decreases during myocardial contraction and increases during myocardial relaxation.

Question 41

If the SA node is nonfunctional, which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) The heart will go into asystole (stop).
B) Tachycardia will develop.
C) Another portion of the heart will become the pacemaker.
D) The heart will go into defibrillation.
E) The heart will be desensitized.

Question 42

Which of the following is a function of the heart skeleton?

A) Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.
B) Supplies support and reinforcement for the valves.
C) Provides a rigid site for cardiac muscle attachment.
D) All of the choices are functions of the heart skeleton.

Question 43

Which of the following sequences for the conducting system is correct?

A) AV node, AV bundle, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches
B) Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV node, AV bundle, SA node
C) SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
D) SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
E) AV node, SA node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

Question 44

Action potentials pass from one myocardial cell to another through areas of low electrical resistance called

A) gap junctions.
B) fibrous heart rings.
C) electromagnetic discs.
D) sarcolemma sclerotic plaques.
E) tight junctions.

Question 45

When comparing cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells,

A) the rate of action potential propagation is faster in cardiac muscle.
B) both possess intercalated discs.
C) only skeletal muscle has a plateau phase in its contraction cycle.
D) action potentials are conducted from cell to cell only in cardiac muscle.
E) both are voluntary.

Question 46

Which of the following events occurs first?

A) threshold
B) depolarization
C) early repolarization
D) final repolarization
E) pacemaker potential

Question 47

The action potentials are slowed at the AV node to allow the

A) ventricles to repolarize.
B) ventricles to completely empty of blood.
C) pacemaker to reset for the next beat.
D) atria to complete their contraction.
E) atria to begin their contraction.

Question 48

Energy for contraction of myocardial cells comes primarily from

A) aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
B) anaerobic respiration in the cytosol.
C) glycolysis in the cytosol.
D) ATP that is stored while the heart is not contracting.
E) creatine phosphate.

Question 49

The spontaneous opening of sodium channels marks the beginning of ____ of a myocardial cell.

A) depolarization
B) repolarization
C) hyperpolarization
D) isopolarization
E) afterpolarization

Question 50

The plateau phase seen during the action potential of a cardiac muscle cell is due to the

A) sodium-potassium pump.
B) opening of sodium channels.
C) continuing to have open calcium channels.
D) closure of chloride channels.
E) closing of calcium channels.

Question 51

What is the importance of the delay in the action potential in the AV node?

A) It allows the action potential to reach both ventricles at the same time.
B) It allows an action potential to reach the left atrium so both atria contract together.
C) It allows an action potential to reach the left atrium so both atria contract together, before the ventricles contract.
D) It allows time for the atria to be filled with blood.

Question 52

Ventricular contraction begins at the

A) AV bundle.
B) apex of the heart.
C) base of the heart.
D) superior portion of the interventricular septum.
E) top of the ventricles.

Question 53

Which of the following will depolarize immediately after the AV node depolarizes?

A) the AV bundle
B) Purkinje fibers
C) atrial myocardium
D) bundle branches in the ventricular septum
E) the SA node

Question 54

The "pacemaker" of the heart is the

A) right bundle branch.
B) left bundle branch.
C) AV node.
D) SA node.
E) PM node.

Question 55

When a pacemaker potential in the SA node reaches threshold,

A) the permeability to K⁺ ions increases.
B) many voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels open.
C) voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels close.
D) RMP has been restored.
E) permeability of the cell does not change.

Question 56

Cardiac muscle cells

A) have smooth ER but no T tubules.
B) form the heart valves.
C) are maintained by an extensive capillary network.
D) develop a significant oxygen debt during systole.
E) do not contain actin and myosin like skeletal muscle cells.

Question 57

Which of the following phrases would apply to cardiac muscle cells?

A) are organized in parallel columns or bundles
B) contain actin but no myosin
C) develop a significant oxygen debt during systole
D) are multinucleated like skeletal muscle cells
E) possess special cell-to-cell contacts called intercalated discs

Question 58

Calcium channel blockers are frequently used to

A) increase the heart rate.
B) treat tachycardia or other arrhythmias.
C) speed up conduction of impulses through the AV node.
D) slow the closing of potassium ion channels.
E) treat bradycardia and low blood pressure.

Question 59

Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of

A) a decrease in the permeability of the cell membrane to sodium.
B) the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and voltage-gated calcium channels.
C) the closure of voltage-gated calcium channels.
D) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.
E) the closure of the voltage-gated sodium channels.

Question 60

The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the SA node because

A) of the superior location of the SA node in the right atrium.
B) the SA node is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization.
C) of the rich sympathetic innervation of the SA node.
D) this area produces action potentials more rapidly than any other portion of the conduction system.
E) of action potentials from the cardioregulatory center.

Question 61

In the cardiac cycle,

A) the right atrium and the right ventricle contract simultaneously.
B) the left atrium contracts before the right atrium.
C) all four chambers of the heart contract at the same time.
D) all four chambers of the heart are in diastole at the same time.

Question 62

Which of the following would result from a reduced function of the sodium channels in the SA node?

A) depolarization would be delayed
B) the heart rate would decrease
C) repolarization would not occur
D) a shortened plateau phase
E) depolarization would be delayed and the heart rate would decrease

Question 63

The P wave of an ECG indicates

A) atrial depolarization.
B) atrial repolarization.
C) ventricular depolarization.
D) ventricular repolarization.
E) threshold.

Question 64

Of the types of damage resulting from a myocardial infarction, which is most likely to cause the greatest increase in the Q-T interval?

A) infarction in the AV node
B) left bundle branch block
C) infarction affecting the SA node
D) tachycardia
E) ectopic focus

Question 65

Which of the following areas of the conduction system would produce spontaneous action potentials most frequently if the SA node were not functioning?

A) AV bundle
B) Purkinje fibers
C) AV node
D) bundle branch
E) the pacemaker

Question 66

If cardiac muscle cells are unable to repolarize, this would cause

A) cardiac output to increase.
B) no harm. These cells can spontaneously depolarize anyway.
C) the heart rate to decrease. It might cause cardiac arrest.
D) an increased demand on mitochondria to produce more ATP.
E) tachycardia.

Question 67

Blood does not enter or leave the ventricles during the period called

A) ejection.
B) rapid filling.
C) atrial systole.
D) isovolumetric contraction.
E) active and passive filling.

Question 68

Variations in respiratory rate is a symptom of

A) sinus arrhythmia.
B) ventricular tachycardia.
C) SA node block.
D) paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

Question 69

What action is most responsible for the resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle cells?

A) movement of K⁺ through voltage-gated K⁺ channels
B) movement of Na⁺ through open Na⁺ channels
C) movement of Ca²⁺ through voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels.
D) closing of Na⁺ and K⁺ voltage-gated channels

Question 70

What cardiac arrhythmia will have no QRS complex as a symptom?

A) atrial fibrillation
B) ventricular fibrillation
C) bradycardia
D) premature ventricular contractions

Question 71

What abnormal heart rhythm could be caused by an elevated body temperature, excessive sympathetic stimulation, or toxic conditions?

A) bradycardia
B) atrial fibrillation
C) second-degree AV node block
D) tachycardia

Question 72

Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular

A) systole.
B) diastole.
C) fibrillation.
D) ischemia.
E) depolarization.

Question 73

The period of isovolumetric contraction is immediately followed by

A) the period of ejection.
B) AV node depolarization.
C) passive ventricular filling.
D) atrial contraction.
E) isovolumetric relaxation.

Question 74

What event(s) occur during the QRS complex of an ECG?

A) depolarization of the atria
B) repolarization of the ventricles
C) depolarization of the atria and repolarization of the ventricles
D) depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria

Question 75

In the cardiac cycle,

A) the right atrium and the right ventricle contract simultaneously.
B) the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract.
C) the left atrium contracts before the right atrium.
D) all four chambers of the heart contract at the same time.
E) all four chambers of the heart are in systole at the same time.

Question 76

The long refractory period observed in cardiac muscle

A) prolongs depolarization of the cardiac muscle.
B) prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle.
C) ensures that the heart has adequate time to contract.
D) prevents the heart rate from slowing down.
E) prevents an increase in heart rate.

Question 77

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) opening of sodium channels - depolarization
B) closing of calcium channels - plateau phase
C) opening of potassium channels - rapid repolarization
D) closure of sodium channels - early repolarization
E) opening of calcium channels - plateau phase

Question 78

When left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure,

A) left ventricular ejection begins.
B) aortic blood pressure begins to rise.
C) the bicuspid (mitral) valve opens.
D) ventricular volume decreases.
E) the tricuspid valve opens.

Question 79

In a normal electrocardiogram, the

A) P wave results from repolarization of the atria.
B) QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization.
C) P wave occurs after the QRS complex but before the T wave.
D) T wave represents depolarization of the atria.
E) repolarization of the atria is clearly visible.

Question 80

The period of time in which the myocardium is insensitive to further stimulation is called the

A) absolute refractory period.
B) hyperpolarization period.
C) AV period.
D) SA period.
E) ectopic focus.