Deck 18: Speciation and Macroevolution

Question 1

The habitats of birds of paradise are on the mountains in New Guinea. What separate the habitats?

A) areas of unsuitable land
B) fierce predators
C) oceans
D) rivers and lakes

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What happens with the individuals when geographic variation occurs among the members of a species?

A) They may be mistaken for separate species.
B) They cannot mate successfully.
C) They cannot produce offspring with intermediate characteristics.
D) They may be from different subpopulations.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following combinations represent prezygotic mechanisms of isolation?

A) hybrid breakdown and temporal isolation
B) mechanical and temporal isolation
C) hybrid sterility and temporal isolation
D) hybrid breakdown and gametic isolation

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What type of isolation is it if two species of lizards do not mate because their mating rituals differ greatly?

A) behavioural isolation
B) ecological isolation
C) gametic isolation
D) mechanical isolation

Question 5

Which type of isolation would crocuses that bloom in the early spring and marigolds that bloom in the summer definitely experience?

A) behaviour
B) ecological
C) temporal
D) gametic

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the situation in which two organisms do not mate due to the fact that they mate at different times of the year?

A) behavioural isolation
B) temporal isolation
C) mechanical isolation
D) ecological isolation

Question 7

What would be the most likely result if an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes?

A) many unhealthy offspring due to hybrid breakdown
B) many unhealthy offspring due to hybrid inviability
C) sterile offspring due to hybrid inviability
D) sterile offspring due to hybrid sterility

Question 8

What mechanism seemed to separate the birds of paradise in New Guinea?

A) chromosomal differences
B) different mating rituals
C) geographic isolation
D) mechanical differences between species

Question 9

Which ability of individuals within the species does the biological species concept primarily rely on?

A) to adapt to the environment
B) to have greater longevity
C) to live in a variety of habitats
D) to produce fertile offspring when mating with one another

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

A) An iris blooms at a different time of the year than a daffodil.
B) A zebroid is sterile, and a zebra is not.
C) A snail with a shell coiling in one direction cannot mate with a snail whose shell curls the other way.
D) A peacock puts on a different mating display than a sparrow.

Question 11

The biological species concept specifies that two organisms are of the same species if they breed. What else does this concept specify?

A) that species are unsuccessful in producing offspring
B) that species produce any offspring
C) that species produce fertile offspring under normal circumstances
D) that species produce fertile offspring under laboratory conditions only

Question 12

What is a ring species?

A) It is one where a clinal variation occurs.
B) It is one where all of the various populations can successfully mate in nature.
C) It is one where an area's climate interferes with speciation.
D) It is one where only intermediary populations can mate successfully.

Question 13

Which of the following concepts is used for examining speciation by reconstructing the evolutionary tree?

A) biological species concept
B) examination of ring species
C) examination of clinal variation
D) phylogenetic species concept

Question 14

The morphological approach to speciation is prone to misinterpretation. Which of the following is NOT a misinterpretation?

A) a Chihuahua and a Great Dane that do not look alike
B) snails that resemble each other but cannot mate
C) snails of quite varied appearance that can all interbreed
D) snails of quite similar appearance that are shown to be different species via reproductive isolation

Question 15

What may be a feature of the organisms in a clinal variation?

A) They look identical.
B) They do not have a normal lifespan.
C) They vary in appearance due to adaptations to different environments.
D) They vary in appearance due to human interference.

Question 16

What is a mule an example of?

A) hybrid breakdown
B) hybrid inviability
C) hybrid sterility
D) mechanical isolation

Question 17

What do birds living in a cold environment tend to have?

A) long legs and larger bodies
B) long legs and smaller bodies
C) short legs and larger bodies
D) short legs and smaller bodies

Question 18

How would an example of the morphological species concept be achieved?

A) by doing a genetic analysis on the two organisms
B) by looking at the appearance of two organisms
C) by mating the two organisms to see if viable offspring result
D) by observing the mating rituals of the two organisms

Question 19

What does a smooth pattern of variation along a geographical gradient refer to?

A) a ring species
B) a hybrid zone
C) a morphological species
D) a cline

Question 20

How does gene flow between organisms of ring species occur?

A) It occurs between any of the organisms if they are placed in the same environment.
B) It occurs freely.
C) It occurs only between intermediary populations.
D) It occurs only under laboratory conditions.

Question 21

What did some of the work with Hawaiian fruit flies illustrate?

A) the presence of a prezygotic isolating mechanism, which involved behavioural isolation
B) the presence of a prezygotic isolating mechanism, which involved gametic isolation
C) the presence of a postzygotic isolating mechanism, which involved behavioural isolation
D) the presence of a postzygotic isolating mechanism, which involved gametic isolation

Question 22

What do abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals likely lead to?

A) sympatric speciation
B) allopatric speciation
C) extinction
D) mutation

Question 23

When does a host race develop?

A) when an organism's genes for the host plant choice change
B) when an organism's genes for mating preferences change
C) when an organism's genes for the host plant choice change and genes for mating preferences change
D) when an organism's genes for mating preferences change and geographical barriers exist

Question 24

Which of the following would be an example of mechanical isolation?

A) two organisms that are pollinated by different insects
B) two organisms that have different habitats
C) two organisms that have incompatible gametes
D) two organisms that have different mating rituals

Question 25

If one plant has a very small tubular type of flower and cannot be pollinated by a large honeybee, it may develop which type of prezygotic isolation?

A) behavioural isolation
B) ecological isolation
C) gametic isolation
D) mechanical isolation

Question 26

What is the first event during allopatric speciation?

A) a geographic separation of two populations
B) a hybridization event
C) a competitive exclusion
D) a disruptive selection

Question 27

If the F₂ generation illustrates a lack of fitness, what is this an example of?

A) behavioural isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) hybrid breakdown
D) hybrid sterility

Question 28

Why do some Drosophila reject the sperm of another species?

A) because of a gametic isolation
B) because of a hybrid breakdown
C) because of a hybrid inviability
D) because of a mechanical isolation

Question 29

How many mutations need to occur in snails in order for the direction of coiling to reverse and affect mating?

A) one to encourage mating
B) one to prohibit mating
C) two to encourage mating
D) two to prohibit mating

Question 30

Two host races of apple maggots have appeared within the past 100 years. What does this suggest?

A) They may be undergoing allopatric speciation.
B) They may be undergoing sympatric speciation.
C) They may be undergoing genetic drift.
D) They may be undergoing development of a hybrid zone.

Question 31

What is the reason for reinforcement?

A) Postzygotic mechanisms reinforce species isolation.
B) Prezygotic mechanisms reinforce species isolation.
C) Prezygotic mechanisms reinforce postzygotic barriers.
D) Postzygotic mechanisms reinforce prezygotic barriers.

Question 32

If a flood separated a large population into two populations, this would be an example of which process?

A) allopatric speciation
B) development of a host race
C) parapatric speciation
D) sympatric speciation

Question 33

What does polyploidy refer to, and where does it most often occur?

A) It refers to an individual getting one or more additional sets of chromosomes, and it most often occurs in plants.
B) It refers to an individual getting one or more additional sets of chromosomes, and it most often occurs in animals.
C) It refers to an individual lacking one or more sets of chromosomes, and it most often occurs in plants.
D) It refers to an individual lacking one or more sets of chromosomes, and it most often occurs in animals.

Question 34

What is the definition of a species cluster?

A) a group of closely related species with a common ancestor
B) a group of species that developed host races
C) a group of species that exhibit polyploidy
D) a group of totally unrelated species living in a common habitat

Question 35

When do postzygotic isolating mechanisms occur?

A) when the offspring survive to reproductive age
B) when the offspring have vigorous health
C) when the offspring inherit the same numbers of chromosomes from each parent
D) when the offspring inherit different sets of instructions for development from each parent

Question 36

What does the fact that eggs have the ability to recognize surface proteins on the sperm of their own species illustrate?

A) behavioural isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) hybrid breakdown
D) hybrid inviability

Question 37

Two species of flowering plants live together and flower at the same time. They do not hybridize because they each have a unique pollinating insect. What is this an example of?

A) a sympatric speciation
B) a prezygotic barrier
C) a postzygotic barrier
D) a hybrid zone

Question 38

What is a hybrid zone?

A) an area where no hybrids exist
B) an area where two populations may breed and produce inviable, fertile offspring
C) an area where two populations may breed and produce inviable, infertile offspring
D) an area where two populations may breed and produce viable, fertile offspring

Question 39

If a hybrid organism has a shorter lifespan, which situation may result?

A) allopatric speciation
B) hybrid zones
C) parapatric speciation
D) sympatric speciation

Question 40

A sterile hybrid plant can form a fertile new species if its chromosomes are doubled. What is this referred to as?

A) an allopatric speciation
B) cladogenesis
C) a hybrid zone
D) sympatric speciation

Question 41

What did hybridization and polyploidy lead to?

A) the evolution of mallard ducks
B) the evolution of common bread wheat
C) the evolution of apple maggots
D) the evolution of bent grass

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a common polyploid?

A) broccoli
B) coffee
C) oat
D) potato

Question 43

Based on the morphological species concept, why would you assume that there are many different species of rat snakes?

Question 44

What is the definition of allopolyploidy?

A) a genetic divergence that results in nonviable offspring
B) an increase in chromosome number due to hybridization of different species
C) a decrease in chromosome number within a single species
D) a decrease in chromosome number due to hybridization of different species

Question 45

Which of the following best defines a triploid organism?

A) an organism that is usually sterile because of improper chromosome segregation
B) an organism that is usually sterile because of proper chromosome segregation
C) an organism that is usually fertile because of improper chromosome segregation
D) an organism that is usually fertile because of proper chromosome segregation

Question 46

What is an allopolyploid?

A) a polyploid that arose from a hybrid individual
B) an allopatrically arising species
C) a polyploid arising from a single diploid individual
D) any sympatrically arising species

Question 47

Individuals from different subspecies usually interbreed where their geographic distributions meet.

Question 48

Why is reproductive isolation central to the biological species concept?

Question 49

In which organisms is polyploidy a common mechanism of sympatric speciation?

A) in mammals in general
B) in birds in general
C) in rodents
D) in plants

Question 50

An example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism is behavioural isolation.

Question 51

If two organisms cannot mate due to physical differences, it is known as temporal isolation.

Question 52

The biological species concept cannot be used to distinguish between species that are extant.

Question 53

Define a species cluster and provide an example.

Question 54

When does autopolyploidy occur?

A) when a somatic cell ends up with no chromosomes
B) when gametes end up with no chromosomes
C) when gametes receive the same number of chromosomes as a somatic cell
D) when a somatic cell receives the same number of chromosomes as gametes

Question 55

How do animals show clinal variation?

Question 56

What are polyploid individuals that arise from chromosome duplications within a single species called?

A) allopolyploids
B) tetraploids
C) triploids
D) autopolyploids

Question 57

How did researchers establish the connection between chimpanzees and humans?

Question 58

Which of the following produces a tetraploid zygote?

A) division of one tetraploid adult organism
B) fertilization of one tetraploid gamete by another
C) fertilization of one diploid gamete by another.
D) division of one quadruploid adult organism

Question 59

What is formed when a gamete receives the same number of chromosomes as a somatic cell?

A) A reduced gamete is formed and allopolyploidy is present.
B) A reduced gamete is formed and autopolyploidy is present.
C) An unreduced gamete is formed and autopolyploidy is present.
D) An unreduced gamete is formed and allopolyploidy is present.

Question 60

Reinforcement enhances prezygotic isolation that had begun to develop while the populations were sympatric.

Question 61

The apple maggot was used as an example of allopatric speciation.

Question 62

Sympatric speciation often occurs in animals through polyploidy.

Question 63

Unreduced gametes are those that contain additional chromosome numbers.

Question 64

Polyploid plants are often unhealthy as compared to other plants.