Deck 42: Regulation of the Internal Environment: Water, Solutes, and Temperature

Question 1

What is the main form of nitrogenous waste released by aquatic invertebrates to their environment?

A) urea
B) ammonia
C) nitrate
D) uric acid

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which salt concentration is found in the body fluids of Atlantic salmon?

A) 0.1%
B) 1%
C) 3.5%
D) 4%

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Suppose sugar is taken out of an excretory system tubule and put back into the blood. What would this process be an example of?

A) secretion
B) release
C) filtration
D) reabsorption

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the main form of nitrogenous waste released by mammals to their environment?

A) amino acids
B) urea
C) ammonia
D) nitrate

Question 5

What is the name of the tubules that make up the relatively simple excretory system used by flatworms?

A) Malpighian tubules
B) nephrons
C) metanephridia
D) protonephridia

Question 6

Which of the following are typically osmoconformers?

A) marine teleost fishes
B) freshwater invertebrates
C) freshwater teleost fishes
D) sharks

Question 7

Which pathway do Atlantic salmon take?

A) swimming downstream in the river
B) swimming upstream in the river
C) swimming in the sea
D) swimming upstream in the river

Question 8

Which of the following is/are used for osmoregulation and excretion in all but the simplest animals?

A) modifications of the respiratory and digestive systems
B) the lining of the digestive tract
C) the transport epithelium
D) specialized blood vessels

Question 9

Which term refers to the movement of some molecules and ions out of the excretory system tubules and back into body fluids?

A) reabsorption
B) release
C) filtration
D) secretion

Question 10

What is the main form of nitrogenous waste released by birds to their environment?

A) urea
B) nitrate
C) ammonia
D) uric acid

Question 11

What is the osmolarity of fresh water?

A) about 5 mOsm/L
B) about 225 mOsm/L
C) about 300 mOsm/L
D) about 1500 mOsm/L

Question 12

In which group are protonephridia found?

A) in mammals
B) in annelids
C) in insects
D) in flatworms

Question 13

How is osmolarity measured?

A) total solute plus solvent concentration in a solution
B) total solute concentration in a solution
C) ratio of solvent to solute in a solution
D) total solvent concentration in a solution

Question 14

What is the typical osmolarity of most body fluids in humans and other mammals?

A) about 225 mOsm/L
B) about 300 mOsm/L
C) about 1000 mOsm/L
D) about 1500 mOsm/L

Question 15

What is typical osmolarity of body fluids in most freshwater invertebrates?

A) about 225 mOsm/L
B) about 300 mOsm/L
C) about 1000 mOsm/L
D) about 1500 mOsm/L

Question 16

What is typical osmolarity of body fluids in most marine invertebrates?

A) about 1500 mOsm/L
B) about 1000 mOsm/L
C) about 225 mOsm/L
D) about 5 mOsm/L

Question 17

What is the typical osmolarity of seawater?

A) about 5 mOsm/L
B) about 225 mOsm/L
C) about 1000 mOsm/L
D) about 1500 mOsm/L

Question 18

Which term refers to the nonselective movement of water and a number of solutes into the excretory system tubules?

A) filtration
B) release
C) secretion
D) reabsorption

Question 19

Suppose that a cell has a membrane that is permeable to water but NOT to Na⁺ or Cl^- or any other solute. More NaCl exists outside the cell than inside the cell, and the osmolarity of the cell is higher than that of the solution surrounding the cell. Which of the following should occur?

A) Overall, the cell should lose water and take up Na⁺ and Cl^-.
B) Overall, the cell should take up water, Na⁺, and Cl^-.
C) Overall, the cell should take up water and lose Na⁺ and Cl^-.
D) Overall, the cell should take up water.

Question 20

Compared to uric acid, how much energy and water are required if urea is the main form of nitrogenous waste?

A) less energy and more water
B) more energy and less water
C) the same amount of energy and water
D) less energy and water

Question 21

In mammals, which structure does the urine drain out of before entering a collecting duct?

A) the distal convoluted tubule
B) the descending segment of the loop of Henle
C) the proximal convoluted tubule
D) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 22

Where are Malpighian tubules found?

A) in mammals
B) in annelids
C) in flatworms
D) in insects

Question 23

What is the tonicity of the urine of marine mammals compared with another fluid?

A) hyperosmotic, compared with seawater
B) hypoosmotic, compared with seawater
C) isoosmotic, compared with their body fluids
D) hypoosmotic, compared with their body fluids

Question 24

Which structures are characterized by its smallest branches ending with a large flame cell?

A) hepatic tubules
B) nephrons
C) Malpighian tubules
D) protonephridia

Question 25

What is the name of the tube through which urine leaves the urinary bladder?

A) renal vein
B) collecting duct
C) urethra
D) renal pelvis

Question 26

Suppose that you examine an animal and find it has excretory structures that have a closed proximal end immersed in hemolymph and a distal end that empties into the gut. Which term should you use to describe these structures?

A) hepatic tubules
B) Malpighian tubules
C) nephrons
D) metanephridia

Question 27

Which segment of the mammalian nephron receives the filtrate first?

A) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle
B) the distal convoluted tubule
C) the descending segment of the loop of Henle
D) the Bowman's capsule

Question 28

In mammals, where is the glomerulus located?

A) within the distal convoluted tubule
B) within the ascending segment of the loop of Henle
C) within the Bowman's capsule
D) within the descending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 29

Into which area does the descending segment of the loop of Henle extend?

A) into the renal pelvis
B) into the renal medulla
C) into the Bowman's capsule
D) into the collecting ducts

Question 30

Which of the following help(s) maintain the pressure driving fluid into Bowman's capsule?

A) the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
B) the antidiuretic hormone
C) the diameters of the afferent and the efferent arterioles
D) the diameters of the proximal and distal tubules

Question 31

What is the name of the tubules in true kidneys?

A) metanephridia
B) protonephridia
C) hepatic tubules
D) nephrons

Question 32

What is the name of the tubules that make up the excretory systems used by most annelids and adult molluscs?

A) hepatic tubules
B) nephrons
C) metanephridia
D) Malpighian tubules

Question 33

What is the main form of nitrogenous waste that is excreted from Malpighian tubules?

A) urea
B) uric acid
C) ammonia
D) nitrate

Question 34

At what location does the filtrate leave the blood?

A) peritubular capillaries
B) afferent arteriole
C) efferent arteriole
D) glomerulus

Question 35

At what location do the molecules and ions that are reabsorbed from the nephron re-enter the blood?

A) at the renal artery
B) at the afferent arteriole
C) at the efferent arteriole
D) at the peritubular capillaries

Question 36

Many birds, such as seagulls, rarely drink fresh water. What is the main way that such birds deal with the osmotic stress of taking in large quantities of salt in their food?

A) by excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads
B) by active transport of ions into the body through their feet
C) by excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea
D) by maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids

Question 37

Which of these animals have nephrons?

A) mammals
B) insects
C) flatworms
D) annelids

Question 38

Where are metanephridia found?

A) in mammals
B) in flatworms
C) in insects
D) in annelids

Question 39

What is the main way that marine teleost fishes deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater?

A) by active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells
B) by excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea
C) by excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads
D) by active transport of ions into the body through the gills

Question 40

What is the main way that sharks and rays deal with the osmotic stress of living in seawater?

A) by active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells
B) by maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids
C) by active transport of ions into the body through the gills
D) by excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea

Question 41

Which term refers to physiological changes in ectotherms, known to occur when they get used to temperature rising in the summer?

A) estivation
B) thermal acclimatization
C) hypothermia
D) hyperthermia

Question 42

In mammals, which of the following excretory tubule segments consumes the most ATP?

A) the Bowman's capsule
B) the proximal convoluted tubule
C) the distal convoluted tubule
D) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 43

Which organisms obtain heat primarily from the external environment?

A) endotherms
B) ectotherms
C) exotherms
D) isotherms

Question 44

In mammals, essentially all of the glucose and amino acids from the filtrate get reabsorbed in one of the excretory tubule segments. In which segment does this occur?

A) in the proximal convoluted tubule
B) in the descending segment of the loop of Henle
C) in the ascending segment of the loop of Henle
D) in the Bowman's capsule

Question 45

Which process involves the flow of heat between two matters that are in direct contact?

A) conduction
B) evaporation
C) convection
D) radiation

Question 46

Which structure generally traps water because it does NOT have aquaporins?

A) the proximal convoluted tubule
B) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle
C) the distal convoluted tubule
D) the Bowman's capsule

Question 47

Which of the following organisms is an ectotherm?

A) an owl
B) an elephant
C) a lizard
D) a bat

Question 48

Which organisms obtain heat primarily from internal physiological sources?

A) allotherms
B) ectotherms
C) exotherms
D) endotherms

Question 49

In mammals, about 65% of the water from the filtrate gets reabsorbed. In which segment of the excretory tubule does this occur?

A) in the ascending segment of the loop of Henle
B) in the Bowman's capsule
C) in the proximal convoluted tubule
D) in the distal convoluted tubule

Question 50

Which of the following organisms is an endotherm?

A) a turtle
B) a salamander
C) a mouse
D) a frog

Question 51

In mammals, which reaction to cold, limits the amount of heat an animal loses to its surroundings?

A) shivering
B) pressing hair shafts close to the body
C) reducing blood flow to the skin
D) going off to lie alone so that others do not take their heat

Question 52

Which term refers to the selective movement of specific small molecules and ions into excretory system tubules?

A) release
B) secretion
C) reabsorption
D) filtration

Question 53

What are aquaporins?

A) the exit channels for urine leaving a nephron
B) transport channels for water
C) the entry points of filtrate into a nephron
D) cells that are specialized for water transport

Question 54

Where does the kangaroo rat get the bulk of its water from?

A) from re-uptake of water from urine
B) from oxidative reactions in its cells
C) from absorption through its skin
D) from ingestion of food

Question 55

In which part of the mammalian urinary system does filtrate undergo a dramatic decrease in osmolarity?

A) the descending segment of the loop of Henle
B) the distal convoluted tubule
C) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle
D) the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 56

In mammals, which excretory tubule segment allows water to exit but does NOT allow ions or urea to exit?

A) the ascending segment of the loop of Henle
B) the distal convoluted tubule
C) the proximal convoluted tubule
D) the descending segment of the loop of Henle

Question 57

In a typical adult human about 180 L of fluid leaves the blood as filtrate each day. How much is reabsorbed?

A) about 50%
B) about 65%
C) about 90%
D) more than 99%

Question 58

Which process involves the transfer of heat from the surface of a body to a fluid that passes over the body's surface?

A) convection
B) evaporation
C) radiation
D) conduction

Question 59

In mammals, where in the kidney should you expect to find cells with the highest concentration of compounds affecting osmosis?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) renal cortex
C) renal medulla
D) renal pelvis

Question 60

Which sentence describes how the metabolic rate of an endotherm compares with the metabolic rate of an ectotherm as the environment gets colder?

A) The metabolic rate in an endotherm goes down, while the metabolic rate of an ectotherm goes up.
B) The metabolic rate in an endotherm goes down, as well as the metabolic rate of an ectotherm.
C) The metabolic rate of an endotherm goes up, as well as the metabolic rate of an ectotherm.
D) The metabolic rate in an endotherm goes up, while the metabolic rate of an ectotherm goes down.

Question 61

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
tubule segment that usually has the largest decrease in osmolarity

Question 62

Which term refers to an extended period of torpor that an animal enters during the summer when the environment is too hot and water is too scarce?

A) hyperthermia
B) thermal acclimatization
C) hibernation
D) estivation

Question 63

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
empties into a collecting duct

Question 64

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
site of over half of the water reabsorption from the filtrate

Question 65

What is the human temperature set point, typically?

A) It stays around 37.0°C.
B) It ranges from about 37.5°C in the morning to about 37.7°C in the evening.
C) It ranges from about 37.7°C in the morning to about 37.5°C in the evening.
D) It ranges from about 37.3°C in the morning to about 34.7°C in the evening.

Question 66

In humans, what is brown adipose tissue used for?

A) for controlling blood pressure
B) for digesting fats
C) for nonshivering thermogenesis
D) for cooling the body when it is exposed

Question 67

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
may start in the medulla and end in the cortex

Question 68

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
site where water and small substances are first passed into the nephron

Question 69

Which term refers to an extended period of torpor that an animal enters during the winter when the environment is too cold and food is too scarce?

A) hypothermia
B) thermal acclimatization
C) hibernation
D) estivation

Question 70

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
may start in the cortex and end in the medulla

Question 71

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
tubule segment that usually has the largest increase in osmolarity

Question 72

Which term refers to the state in which the body temperature increases a few degrees above normal for a prolonged period?

A) thermal acclimatization
B) estivation
C) hypothermia
D) hyperthermia

Question 73

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
surrounds the glomerulus

Question 74

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
Na⁺ and Cl^- actively transported out here, but water and urea are not moved across the membrane

Question 75

Match each description to a nephron tubule portion. Nephron tubule portions can be used more than onc
e.
a.ascending segment of the loop of Henle
b.proximal convoluted tubule
c.Bowman's capsule
d.descending segment of the loop of Henle
e.distal convoluted tubule
site of reabsorption of nearly all glucose