Deck 14: The Lymphoid System and Immunity

Question 1

Define pathogen.

Answer 1

Pathogen is any type of various microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Individual pathogens have a distinct mode of life and way of interacting with the body.

Question 2

Match each item in column A with the most closely related item in column B. Place letters for answers in the spaces provided.

Answer 2

Humoral immunity is also known as antibody-mediated immunity, as it involves the secretion of antibodies in order to fight antigens and pathogens. The B cells fight against antigens and invasive particles in the body through production of antibodies that recognize that particular antigen and defend the body against it.
Hence, this item matches with option (h).
2.
Lymphoma is nothing but cancer that occurs to lymphatic system.
Hence, this item matches with option (k).
3.
A complement system is a complex of circulating proteins that interact with each other to opsonize pathogens.
Hence, this item matches with option (b).
4.
Neutrophils and eosinophils are white blood cells, which are otherwise called microphages.
Hence, this item matches with option (g).
5.
Moncytes are the white blood cells, which have the ability to phagocytose pathogens. Monocytes are also called macrophages.
Hence, this item matches with option (d).
6.
Microglia are a type of macrophages that reside in brain.
Hence, this item matches with option (c).
7.
Interferons are protein molecules secreted by host body in response to invading pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, tumors, and parasites etc.
Hence, this item matches with option (j).
8.
Pyrogens are any agents that can induce fever.
Hence, this item matches with option (a).
9.
The name itself conveying that innate immunity is the defense system that is present at birth.
Hence, this item matches with option (i).
10.
Active immunity is a form of immunity, which get activated when the body exposed to antigens from the environment.
Hence, this item matches with option (l).
11.
Passive immunity is achieved when antibodies produced by another person is introduced into the host.
Hence, this item matches with option (f).
12.
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism. There are number of proteins and signaling mechanisms involve in apoptosis.
Hence, this item matches with option (e).

Question 3

Explain the difference between nonspecific defense and specific defense.

Answer 3

Nonspecific defense is a type of immunity in the body that has anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms aimed towards preventing infectious organisms from invading or attacking them. This defense is considered innate because the mechanisms do not distinguish potential threats from one another.
The specific defense is developed in response to a particular type of pathogen. In this type of immunity, the body develops an adaptive defense against such a pathogen so it is immune to future invasions.

Question 4

List the components of the lymphatic system.

Question 5

How would blockage of the thoracic duct affect the flow of lymph?

Question 6

If the thymus gland failed to produce thymic hormones, which population of lymphocytes would be affected?

Question 7

Why do lymph nodes enlarge during some infections?

Question 8

List the body's innate nonspecific) defenses.

Question 9

What types of cells would be affected by a decrease in the number of monocyte-forming cells in red bone marrow?

Question 10

A rise in the level of interferon in the body indicates what kind of infection?

Question 11

What effects do pyrogens have in the body?

Question 12

Explain the difference between cell-mediated cellular) immunity and antibody-mediated humoral) immunity.

Question 13

Identify the two forms of active immunity and the two forms of passive immunity.

Question 14

List the four general properties of adaptive immunity.

Question 15

Identify the structures of the lymphatic system in the following diagram.

a) __________
b) __________
c) __________
d) __________
e) __________
f) __________
g) __________
h) __________
i) __________
j) __________
k) __________
l) __________
m) __________
n) __________
o) __________
p) __________
q) __________

Question 16

Identify the four types of T cells.

Question 17

Lymph collected from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs is carried by the a) right lymphatic duct.
B) inguinal duct.
C) thoracic duct.
D) aorta.

Question 18

How can the presence of an abnormal peptide within the cytoplasm of a cell start an immune response?

Question 19

Lymphocytes responsible for providing cell-mediated immunity are called a) macrophages.
B) B cells.
C) plasma cells.
D) cytotoxic T cells.

Question 20

A decrease in the number of cytotoxic T cells would affect which type of immunity?

Question 21

B cells are responsible for a) cell-mediated immunity.
B) immune surveillance.
C) antibody-mediated immunity.
D) a, b, and c are correct.

Question 22

Where are Class I MHC proteins and Class II MHC proteins found?

Question 23

Lymphoid stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes occur in the a) bloodstream.
B) thymus.
C) red bone marrow.
D) spleen.

Question 24

Define sensitization.

Question 25

Lymphatic vessels are found in all portions of the body except the a) lower limbs.
B) central nervous system.
C) head and neck region.
D) hands and feet.

Question 26

Describe the structure of an antibody.

Question 27

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained in the
a) adult spleen.
b) adult thymus.
c) bone marrow.
d) tonsils.

Question 28

A sample of lymph contains an elevated number of plasma cells. Would you expect the number of antibodies in the blood to be increasing or decreasing? Why?

Question 29

Red blood cells that are damaged or defective are removed from the circulation by the a) thymus.
B) lymph nodes.
C) spleen.
D) tonsils.

Question 30

Would the primary response or the secondary response be more affected by a lack of memory B cells for a particular antigen?

Question 31

Phagocytes move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, a process known as a) diapedesis.
B) chemotaxis.
C) adhesion.
D) perforation.

Question 32

Under what circumstances is an autoimmune disorder produced?

Question 33

Perforins are destructive proteins associated with the activity of a) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) macrophages.
D) plasma cells.

Question 34

How does increased stress reduce the effectiveness of the immune response?

Question 35

Complement activation a) stimulates inflammation.
B) attracts phagocytes.
C) enhances phagocytosis.
D) a, b, and c are correct.

Question 36

Why are elderly people more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections?

Question 37

Inflammation a) aids in temporary repair at an injury site.
B) slows the spread of pathogens.
C) facilitates permanent repair.
D) a, b, and c are correct.

Question 38

What may account for the increased incidence of cancer among elderly people?

Question 39

CD4 markers are associated with a) cytotoxic cells.
B) suppressor cells.
C) helper T cells.
D) a, b, and c.

Question 40

Identify the role of the lymphatic system for all body systems.

Question 41

Which two large collecting vessels are responsible for returning lymph to the veins of the cardiovascular system? What areas of the body does each serve?

Question 42

How does the cardiovascular system aid the body's nonspecific and specific defenses?

Question 43

Give a function for each of the following:
a) cytotoxic T cells
b) helper T cells
c) suppressor T cells
d) plasma cells
e) NK cells
f) interferons
g) T cells
h) B cells
i) interleukins

Question 44

Compared with innate defenses, adaptive defenses a) do not discriminate between one threat and another.
B) are always present at birth.
C) provide protection against threats on an individual basis.
D) deny entry of pathogens to the body.

Question 45

T cells and B cells can be activated only by a) pathogenic microorganisms.
B) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors.
C) cells infected with viruses, bacterial cells, or cancer cells.
D) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site on a plasma membrane.

Question 46

List and explain the four general properties of adaptive immunity.

Question 47

In what ways can the formation of an antibody-antigen complex cause elimination of an antigen?

Question 48

What are the effects of complement system activation?

Question 49

Sylvia's grandfather is diagnosed with lung cancer. When his physician takes biopsies of several lymph nodes from neighboring regions of the body, Sylvia wonders why, since his cancer is in his lungs. What would you tell her?

Question 50

Ted finds out that he has been exposed to the measles and is concerned that he might have contracted the disease. His physician takes a blood sample and sends it to a lab to measure antibody levels. The results show an elevated level of IgM antibodies to rubella German measles) virus but very few IgG antibodies to the virus. Did Ted contract the disease?