Deck 14: Psychopathology

Question 1

Research on the neural basis of depression and anxiety disorders is complicated by the fact that:

A)Each condition involves heterogeneous symptoms and subtypes
B)There is little comorbidity between anxiety and depression
C)The conditions are found only in certain segments of the population
D)Both conditions have isolated effects on cognition

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The DSM criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia has three central symptoms to diagnosis, and at least one of these three symptoms must be present in order to qualify for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.These are:
A.Disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour, delusions
B.Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech
C.Hallucinations, disorganized speech, negative symptoms

Answer 2

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech

Question 3

Which region is implicated in the process of anxious apprehension?
A.Right frontal region
B.Broca's region
C.Wernicke's region
D.Amygdala

Answer 3

Broca's region

Question 4

Which of the following is one of the two main dimensions of anxiety:

A)Anxious apprehension
B)Anxious agitation
C)Anxious restlessness
D)Anxious depression

Question 5

Hallucinations in schizophrenia:
A.Can occur in any sensory modality, but olfactory hallucinations are most typical
B.Can occur in any sensory modality, but vision hallucinations are most typical
C.Can occur in any sensory modality, but auditory hallucinations are most typical
D.Are equally likely to occur across all sensory modalities

Question 6

Sensory gating is:
A.A lack of response to auditory stimulus in schizophrenia.
B.Neural response to the first of two successive auditory tones or clicks is less than the response to the second stimulus.
C.Neural response to the second of two successive auditory tones or clicks is less than the response to the first stimulus.
D.Iincreased in schizophrenia

Question 7

Which of the following is true about the negative symptoms in schizophrenia:

A)Negative symptoms like delusions make treatment more difficult
B)Negative symptoms like hallucinations create pervasive negative affect in patients with schizophrenia
C)Negative symptoms like paranoia predict worse outcomes in patients with schizophrenia
D)Negative symptoms like apathy and lack of motivation predict worse outcomes in patients with schizophrenia

Question 8

Schizophrenia is relatively common with the number of people affected at any given time being:

A)1 in 100
B)1 in 200
C)1 in 500
D)1 in 1000

Question 9

Dysthymia is:
A.A milder state of chronic depression lasting at least two years
B.A milder state of chronic depression lasting at least 12 months
C.A major episode of depression lasting at least 12 months
D.A major episode of depression lasting at least two years

Question 10

Working memory is disrupted in patients with schizophrenia and is associated with:
A.Hypofrontality
B.Negative symptoms
C.Positive symptoms
D.Under activation of the temporal lobe

Question 11

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses.At any one time it afflicts approximately:

A)1 in 10 adults within any given 12-month period
B)three times as many men as women
C)1 in 5 adults within any given 12-month period
D)three times as many women as men

Question 12

Cognitive characteristics of depression include:
A.Memory and attention are biased toward negative events and interpretations
B.Poor performance on standard tasks of executive functions
C.Inability to respond adaptively to performance errors or negative feedback
D.All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following does not test for attentional bias toward threating information?
A.Dot probe task
B.Emotional Stroop task
C.Sustained attention to response task
D.Sensory gating task

Question 14

Which is the main region of the brain that is dysfunctional in addicts
A.Orbitofrontal cortex
B.Cingulate cortex
C.Amygdala
D.Insula

Question 15

Neural features of depression may include:

A)Overactive amygdala
B)Disrupted connectivity within frontoparietal networks for cognitive control
C)Reduced activity in the posterior right hemisphere
D)All of the above

Question 16

One of the most reliable pieces of evidence of neural dysfunction in schizophrenia is:
A.Increase in overall brain volume
B.Reduced size of the lateral and third ventricles
C.Enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles
D.Alterations in ratio of hippocampus to whole brain volume

Question 17

Research into the neural function of people with addiction has revealed which of the following:

A)Context-induced relapse only occurs if the anterior cingulate is dysregulated
B)Dopamine transmission is the sole explanation for drug addiction
C)The nucleus accumbens shows diminished activation to natural rewards (e.g., food, sex)
D)In people with addiction, reward processing is dysregulated but decision making is not impaired

Question 18

What is major theme of cognitive neuroscience approaches to pathology?

A)Each disorder can be tied to one particular brain system
B)Drug treatment is effective for nearly all cases of pathology
C)Cognitive, emotional, and somatic symptoms imply that multiple brain regions involved
D)Neural measures can be used to diagnose a person's mental illness