Question 1

________ cells within the basal ganglia support error-driven learning by firing when _______________?&#10;A)Dopaminergic, individuals make a mistake&#10;B)Dopaminergic, when the expected outcome and actual outcome are at odds&#10;C)Serotonergic, individuals make a mistake&#10;D)Serotonergic, when the expected outcome and actual outcome are at odds

Accepted Answer

Dopaminergic cells within the basal ganglia are involved in error-driven learning, specifically by firing when there is a discrepancy between the expected outcome and the actual outcome. This mechanism is crucial for adjusting behaviors based on prediction errors.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a type of memory spared in amnesics?&#10;A)Working memory&#10;B)Declarative knowledge&#10;C)Skill learning&#10;D)Procedural knowledge

Accepted Answer

Declarative knowledge, which includes facts and information that can be consciously recalled, is typically impaired in amnesics. Working memory, skill learning, and procedural knowledge are often spared to varying degrees.

Question 3

One of the important things that H.M's abilities and deficits taught us was which of the following?&#10;A)You need intact STM to form LTM&#10;B)You can have intact STM but still have LTM deficits&#10;C)Consolidation is not necessary for LTM&#10;D)STM is sufficient and necessary for LTM storage and retrieval

Accepted Answer

H.M. had intact short-term memory (STM) but still experienced long-term memory (LTM) deficits, demonstrating that it's possible to have functioning STM while being unable to form new LTMs. This case highlighted the distinction between STM and LTM processes in the brain.

Question 4

Which of the following phenomena does not support the idea that episodic memories need to be consolidated?&#10;A)Shrinking retrograde amnesia after an insult&#10;B)Better preserved memories for more remote memories than recent memories after electroconvulsive therapy&#10;C)The fact that memories just prior to an insult are never recovered.&#10;D)Flat temporal gradients for memory loss in some patients with hippocampal system damage

Accepted Answer

Flat temporal gradients for memory loss in some patients with hippocampal system damage do not support the idea that episodic memories need to be consolidated.

Question 5

What is the deficit in learning new information after the onset of amnesia known as?&#10;A)Retrograde amnesia&#10;B)Anterograde amnesia C.Static amnesia&#10;D)Variable amnesia

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories following the onset of an amnesia-causing event, making it difficult for individuals to learn new information.

Question 6

The temporal gradient of long-term memory (LTM) sometimes seen in amnesia patients has been proposed to support which of the following:
A.Damage that happens at a younger age is related to more anterograde deficits because the brain is still developing
B.Newer (more recent) memories formed before the damage are lost first because they are less stable
C.Older memories are lost more because of increased decay than more recently formed memories
D.The temporal gradient is only seen when the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus is damaged

Accepted Answer

The answer of The temporal gradient of long-term memory (LTM)...

Question 7

Research on rats with bilateral amygdala lesions has shown which of the following?&#10;A)Rats with this type of damage are unable to navigate a previously learned maze&#10;B)Rats do not show the typical fear responses to unconditioned stimuli&#10;C)Rats only exhibit contextual fear conditioning&#10;D)Rats are unable to form conditioned-fear memories

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on rats with bilateral amygdala lesions...

Question 8

Amnesia is caused by damage to which region?&#10;A)Hippocampus&#10;B)Basal gangila&#10;C)Anterior temporal lobe&#10;D)Amygdala

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is crucial for forming new memories, and damage to it can lead to amnesia.

Question 9

Damage to the ______________________ produces material-specific memory disorders.&#10;A)Unilateral hippocampus&#10;B)Bilateral hippocampus&#10;C)Unilateral basal ganglia&#10;D)Bilateral basal ganglia

Accepted Answer

Damage to the unilateral hippocampus can lead to material-specific memory disorders, affecting either verbal or non-verbal memory depending on whether the left or right hippocampus is damaged.

Question 10

Which region is involved in implicit/procedural learning, usually occurring gradually and incrementally?&#10;A)Amygdala&#10;B)Anterior temporal lobe&#10;C)Hippocampus&#10;D)Basal ganglia

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia are involved in implicit or procedural learning, which includes learning skills and habits. This type of learning occurs gradually and is not part of conscious awareness, distinguishing it from the explicit memory processes associated with the hippocampus.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of amnesics?&#10;A)They are unable to learn any new knowledge&#10;B)They can learn new facts, but cannot learn new motor skills.&#10;C)They can learn new motor skills, but cannot learn new facts.&#10;D)They can learn both new facts and new motor skills.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true of...

Question 12

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of amnesia after an insult?&#10;A)All memories for information both prior and after the insult are lost.&#10;B)Memory for information acquired prior to the lesion is more affected than memory for information acquired afterwards.&#10;C)Information acquired prior to the insult is usually initially lost, but those deficits can shrink, although memories for events just prior to the insult are lost permanently. D.Information acquired prior to the insult is usually initially lost, but with time all memories from prior to the insult are recovered.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements best describes...

Deck 9: Memory and Learning